Indlela yokwenza uhlalutyo lomfuzo? Uhlalutyo lwe-Genetic: ukuphononongwa, intengo

Ukuphuhliswa kwe-genetics ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwagqithisa umda wezemfundiso zenzululwazi kwaye wenziwa kwintsimi yokusebenza. Oogqirha abaninzi banamhlanje basebenzisa idatha yeemvavanyo zofuzo ukwenzela ukuba benze izifo ezifanelekileyo, ukuba balindele izifo ezinokuthi banokuphelisa iziganeko ezibangele ukuphuhliswa kwazo. Ngenxa yoko, isigulane sidinga kuphela ukudlulisa uhlalutyo lwezofuzo oluza kubonisa umfanekiso opheleleyo wezinto ezichazwe kwizifo.

Igama malunga neDNA

I-Deoxyribonucleic acid (i-DNA) isethi edibeneyo ye-nucleotides ezongezwa kwietyunithi - izityalo. Yilona lwakhiwo lwe-intracellular oluthatha ulwazi oluthatywayo oluvela kubazali kwaye ludluliselwa kubantwana.

Ngexesha lokubumba kombungu, ukwahlukana kweeseli ngokukhawuleza kwenziwa. Kule nqanaba, i-glitches ezincinane zenzeka, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-gene changes. Bakhetha ukuba ngamnye umntu. Utshintsho lunokuba luhle okanye lubi.

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zakwazi ukucacisa ikhowudi yomntu. Bayazi ukuba ziphi iindawo eziphilayo ezibangelwa zizifo, kwaye zinegalelo ekumanyeni kwezinye izifo. Uhlalutyo lwe-Genetic lunikela oogqirha umfanekiso weendlela zokuphucula kakuhle isigulane, enikwe iziganeko zakhe.

Izifo zeMonogenic kunye nePolymorphism

Oogqirha bancomela ukwenza uhlalutyo lomfuzo kumntu ngamnye. Ubanjwe kanye ngexesha lobomi. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zayo, ipasipoti yezofuzo ihlanganisiwe. Ibonisa zonke izifo ezikhoyo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwazo.

Izifo ezibangelwa yi-Congenital ziquka ukuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe. Zivela ekutshintsheni kwe-nucleotide enye kwi-gene ukuya kwelinye. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutshintshwa okunjalo akunakulungelekanga, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kunokubangela izifo ezinzulu. Phakathi kwabo kungomzekelo, i-phenylketonuria kunye ne- muscular dystrophy.

I-polymorphism idibaniswa nokutshintshwa kwama-nucleotides kwiijethi, kodwa ayibangeli ngokuthe ngqo isifo, kodwa isebenza kuphela njengesalathisi sokubakho kwezi zifo. I-polymorphism yinto eqhelekileyo. Ibonakala kubangaphezu kwe-1% yabantu ngabemi.

Ukuba khona kwe-polymorphism kubonisa ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezithile kunye nempembelelo yezinto ezinobungozi, ukuphuhliswa kwesifo esithile kunokwenzeka. Kodwa oku akusikho ukuxilongwa, kodwa enye yindlela yokhetho. Ukuba uphila ngendlela enempilo, ukuphepha izinto ezinobungozi, mhlawumbi isifo asiyi kubonakala.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezifo zesifo sokuzalwa

Ukuphuhliswa kwe-genetics yanamhlanje akuvumelekanga kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho izifo ezizalwe ngumzimba okanye izidalwa eziza kubakho, kodwa ukuchaza kwangaphambili impilo yezingane ezingakazalwa. Ukwenza oku, abazali kwinqanaba lokucwangcisa ukukhulelwa kufuneka badlulise uhlalutyo lomzimba. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba omnye wabazali sele sele eneengxaki ezilukhuni.

Oku kusebenza nakwizifo ezidluliselwa kwizityalo. Phakathi kwazo i-haemophilia, apho kuyo yonke indawo i-monarchic dynasties yase-Old Yurophu ihlupheke, apho imitshato yayisasazeka ukuqinisa ubudlelwane bezopolitiko.

Uhlalutyo lwezofuzo luza kubonisa ukuxhomekeka komntwana ozayo kumdlavuza, isifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi, isifo senhliziyo. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba omnye wabazali bexesha elizayo kwintsapho ebenjalo. Iimvelaphi zemihlaba zingaphantsi kwimeko engapheliyo (ecindezelekileyo), kodwa kungenzeka ukuba ziya kubonakalisa ngokwabo kwikamva elizayo.

Uvavanyo lokukhulelwa

Ukuba ngexesha lokucwangciswa komntwana kucetyiswa ukuba uphumelele iimvavanyo kubazali, ngoko ngexesha lokukhulelwa uvavanyo lofuzo lomntwana luyenziwa. Ngenxa yale njongo, i-amniotic fluid, i- strings yegazi okanye iindawo ze-placenta zithathwa ukuze zihlaziywe.

Ezi zifundo ziyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba zibonelele ukuba zikhona izifo zesifo sokuzalwa. Ezi zezifo ezingenakulinganiswa ngokupheleleyo ezivela kwiinguqu ze-intrauterine ezingenakucingelwa kwangaphambili. Phakathi kwezi zifo ziyi-Down's Syndrome, xa umntwana, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, unechromosome eyongezelelweyo. Inombolo evamile yomntu i-chromosomes ezingama-46, ii-paire ezingama-23, enye evela kubaba nonina. Nge-Down's Syndrome, i-chromosome engama-47 engapheliyo ivela.

Kwakhona ukuguquka kwemizimba kunokwenzeka emva kokudluliselwa kwezifo ezithintekayo ezikhuselweyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa: i-syphilis, rubella. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo olunjalo, isigqibo singenziwa malunga nokukhipha isisu, kuba umntwana ozayo akayi kuphelelwa ngokupheleleyo.

Abasetyhini abasengozini

Ewe, kuya kuba ngcono ukwenza uhlalutyo lwezifo zangaphakathi kwimeko yonk 'umama ngamnye, kodwa kukho inani lembonakalo kule nkqubo. Okokuqala, lidala. Emva kweminyaka engama-30, umngcipheko wokwakha i-pathologies kumntwana uhlala ukhulu. Kananjalo kwanda ukuba kukho iimeko zokukhulelwa kwesisu. Kusekuqaleni kwezigaba zokukwazi ngokuphathelele ingozi, kuyimfuneko ukudlulisa iimvavanyo ezibonisa ukuba yonke into iyahlelwa.

Kuya kwenzeka kwizifo ezithintekayo nezisulelayo, kunye nokulimala. Ziyakuchukumisa nendlela yokubunjwa komntwana. Ekuqaleni zenzeke, umngcipheko omkhulu wokuguquka komngcipheko.

Kuhlala kunengozi yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo engafanelekanga , ukuba ngexesha lokukhulelwa okanye emva kwexesha elizayo, umama wayebonakaliswe kwimpembelelo yezinto ezinobungozi. Zibandakanya utywala, iziyobisi ezinamandla, izinto ze-psychotropic, ii-X-rays kunye nezinye izinto.

Kwaye, kunjalo, kungcono ukukhuseleka ukuba intsapho sele isenomntwana omnye kunye neentsholongwane zokubeleka.

Uvavanyo lwezilwanyana

Kukho ebomini kunye neemeko ezinjalo apho ububele bomntwana abukwazi ukusekwa. Ngesizathu esithile, kukho ukungabaza ukuba uyise kunye nomntwana, okanye umama nomntwana zizalane. Kule meko, unokwenza uhlalutyo lomzimba lwegazi ukuchonga ubudlelwane. Ukuchaneka kweso sifundo kunama-90%.

Yaye le nkqubo ngokwayo ayinzima. Kwanele kuphela ukunikela phezu kwegazi lomzali nomntwana. Ngamaqhinga amaninzi kulula ukuchonga ukuba ngaba zikhona izakhi zofuzo eziqhelekileyo kula bantu babini.

Inkcazo yesibalo sabantu ngokubanzi isetyenziswe kwenzululwazi ye-forensic ukufakazela okanye ukuphikisa imfuno ye-alimony.

Myeza oPhambi

Unyaka ngamnye oogqirha bazama ukuphilisa izifo, kodwa ukuwaxwayisa ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu zokuqala zibonakalise. Njengoko uhlalutyo lomzimba lubonisa, oku akunzima kakhulu. Ekubeni i-genotype isele ikwazi ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi izifo umntu azikho kakhulu.

Olu lathiso lufumene unyango olulingelayo (predictive). Ngokusekelwe kwimpasipoti yezofuzo, ugqirha ugqiba indlela yokuphila yesigulane sakhe, amxwayise ngexesha eliyingozi elingaba yindlela yokukhusela isifo. Kulula kakhulu kwaye kungabizi ngaphezu kokuhamba ixesha elide, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha alinakusebenza kakuhle, unyango.

Uvavanyo lweHIV / AIDS

Namhlanje, nokuba iimvavanyo ze-HIV / AIDS zenziwa ngoncedo lophando lwezofuzo. Inkqubo ayiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ichitha ixesha lokuqhuba isifundo. Kodwa iziphumo zohlalutyo olunjalo zichanekile kwaye zibonisa.

Amaziko amaninzi anokuxilonga akwenza uhlalutyo lwezofuzo, ixabiso elifumaneka kuwo wonke umguli wesigulane. Yonke incike kwiinjongo: iindleko ziyahluka ukusuka kuma-ruble angama-300 ukuya kumawaka amawaka. Ngoko ke, akukho sizathu sokwenqaba ukuqhuba isifundo esinjalo, ngokukodwa ukuba sinokusindisa ubomi bakho nabantwana bakho.