Indlela yokwenza i-caramel fuel: imigaqo ngamanyathelo

Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, xa uluntu lwalunomdla ngokunqabileyo kwendawo, inzululwazi yenzululwazi ye-rocket yayandile. Bobabini abantwana besikolo kunye namadoda amakhulu ayenzelwe ngamanqaku amakhredethi avela kwizixhobo ezilungelelaniso kwiigaraji kunye neekhikhini. Ngoku i-agiotage iye yalala kancinci, kodwa yintoni enokubangela umdla kunokuba uqalise umshini ohambahambayo owenziwe emoyeni? Uyenza njani i-rocket fly? Eyona nto ifikelelekayo kwaye isebenzayo kukusebenzisa i-caramel fuel, umxube we-saltpetre kunye ne-carbohydrate.

Yintoni eya ku funeka

Isethi yamacandelo ayikho into enhle.

1. Iishukela okanye i-sorbitol yinto ebalulekileyo ye-caramelization.

2. I-Saltpetra (ungasebenzisa okuhlukileyo, malunga nale nkcukacha ngezantsi).

3. Isigxobo sesinyithi - ngokuqhelekileyo sithatha amathanga aqhelekileyo, nangona kulungele ukuthatha izitya ngeendonga ezininzi - ngakumbi ukufudumeza. Eyona nto ingcono - insimbi okanye insimbi engenasici, ukwenzela ukuba akukho nto isabela ngayo isisombululo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo kwiitya.

4. Isitofu sombane - akunakwenzeka ukupheka umlilo kwisitofu segesi!

5. Iphephandaba okanye elinye iphepha elinempahla emihle (ukuba umgomo wakho ungenzi nje i-caramel fuel, kodwa iphepha le-caramel). Ikwasetyenziswa kwakhona kwiinjinjini ze-rocket, ukufaka ingqalelo "i-caramel" ephelileyo kunye noomisa (ngaphandle kokufudumeza).

6. Ukukhusela: iilazi kunye neiglavu.

7. Ukungena umoya.

Iindlela ezintathu zokuvelisa

I-Caramel fuel ingenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Eyona nto ilula ukudibanisa izithako. Enye "i-caramel" iphekwe - nje okanye ngokukhuphuka. Ngokuxutywa ngokuqhelekileyo, i-fuel is poured into ingqungquthela yeglasi kwaye igxininiswe ngamaxesha amaninzi, kwaye ivalwe ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela amanzi ekungangeni. Ngokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiinjini ze-roketi, lolu hlobo lwepetroli kufuneka lube luphawu oluqinileyo, ngaphandle koko ukuqhuma kunokwenzeka.

Ukutshatyalaliswa, okanye kuncibilike i-caramel fuel kwiqondo lokushisa lama-120-145 degrees ukugqiba ukuguqulwa kweshukela kunye nokwakhiwa kobunzima, ngokuvumelana ngokufana ne-semolina porridge. I-pre-grind izixhobo aziyimfuneko. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphazamiseka rhoqo ukuze i-bubbles air not form. Ukupheka nge-evaporation kuthetha ukudibaniswa kwamanzi kunye nokukhuphuka kwayo. Ukungalunganga kweli ndlela: kwi-fuel uhlala umswakama, kwaye oku kunciphisa izinga lokutshisa kwalo.

Recipe # 1

I-Caramel isuka kwi- nitrate ye potassium (i-nitrate ye-potassium) yona khetho. Izithako zithathwa ngamanani alandelayo: ushukela okanye sorbitol - 35%; Nitrate - 65%. I-Saltpeter yomile kwi-pan edibeneyo yokucoca i-pan nge-degrees 100-150 malunga neeyure ezimbini. Emva koko ugaya malunga nemizuzu engama-20 - ungasebenzisa umquba okanye i-grinder.

Beka inxalenye elinganayo, i-50 gram nganye. Ukuze ungakhathazeki ngokuchonga ishukela, kungcono ukuthenga ushukela olusilungele ukulungiswa. Ngokuba "ubilisiwe" i-caramel fuel, akudingeki ukuba ugayize okanye ume nayiphi na into. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, i-1% ye-iron oxide (i-Fe ₂ O- ₃ ) ingongezwa kumxube.

Recipe # 2

I-Caramel ifutha kwi-sodium saltpeter. Iimpawu zalo mxube - lukhulu kakhulu. Kuya kuthatha i-70% ye-saltpeter, i-30% yeshukela kunye nemitha emibini yamanzi (200%).

Recipe # 3

Akukhuthazwa ukuyisebenzisa. Le caramel fuel is nitmonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate). Kutheni kungcono ukuhlawula ezinye iindlela zokupheka? Ngenxa yokuba olu luxhumano oluzinzileyo, kwaye xa lushisa, nantoni na inokungahambi kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, le ngcamango inokuphela ngomlilo!

Ukongezelela, kwimveliso ye "caramel" ye-ammonium nitrate yingozi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, zonke iindlela zokupheka zisebenzisa i-ammonium nitrate zinezinto ezongezelelweyo zokuguqula kwi-sodium okanye potassium. Inketho elula yiledium. Sithatha u-40% we-saltpeter, 45% we-baking soda kunye nama-200% wamanzi. Qaphela umgangatho wamanzi uze uphuphuke uze uphefumle i-ammonia. Emva koko faka amanzi kwizinga langaphambili (likhutshwe ngokukodwa), yongeza i-15% ishukela kwaye ulinde ukuchithwa kwalo.

ICatalysts

Ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-caramel, i-catalysts eyahlukeneyo yongezwa kuyo. Into ethandwa kakhulu yi-oxide yensimbi. Okungaziwa kakhulu yi-caramel fuel kunye ne-aluminium. Qaphela! Umxube we-aluminium kunye ne-nitrate unokutshabalalisa phambi kwamanzi. Inobungozi ngokukhethekileyo kukukho nawuphi na ukungcola kwe-alkaline onokuthi ube khona kwi-saltpeter, engacocekanga ngokufanelekileyo okanye eyenziwe ngokuzimela. Ngako oko, kwi-fuel based based nitrate kunye ne-aluminium, kuyimfuneko yokongeza i-0.5-1% ye-asidi ebuthakathaka njenge-catalyst, kwaye kungekhona into yokuba le mali iyanele - konke kuxhomekeke kumgangatho we-nitrate ye-nitrate. UBréaya uyona khetho. I-oxalic kunye ne-actic acid ayifanelekanga-aluminium iphendula nabo. Ukuba ngethuba lokupheka umxube ushushu kakhulu, uphuphu kwaye uphuma iphunga elimnandi le-ammonia - kufuneka uyisuse ngokukhawuleza kwi-tile uze uyigcobhe ngamanzi.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuzama ukufumana izixhobo ezincinci kubangcono kubakhi bee-rocket abanamava afanelekileyo. Kwaye ukufunda i-chemistry akulimazi: kulula ukuyisebenzisa iingcebiso ezenziwe ngokulungelelanisa, kodwa ngakumbi okubaluleke kakhulu ulwazi nolwazi lwezinto ozenzayo kunye noko kwenzekayo kumxube.

I-aluminium yongezwa kwi-potassium "caramel". Utshintsho oluvumelekileyo luvela kwi-2.5 ukuya kuma-20%. Amanani ahlukeneyo anika utshintsho oluthile kwizinga elivuthayo lepetroli. Kucetyiswa ukuba isebenzise i-ASD-4 ye-alfinium eqhelekileyo.

Indlela yokuhlala iphelele kwaye iphilile

Into eyingozi kakhulu ukupheka i-caramel fuel by the melting sugar and saltpeter, kodwa olu khetho lusebenza kakhulu. Isitya esinokupheka "i-caramel" kufuneka sihlambuluke ngokupheleleyo - izinto zangaphandle zingabangela umlilo.

Ekufuphi apho akufanele kube yimithombo yamatangatye avulekileyo - ukuqhuma ekhitshini akunamsebenzi. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka iliso lokushisa komxube-ngaphezu kwe-degrees ezingama-180 akufanele kuphakanyiswe phantsi kweyiphi na imeko!

Xa uvuselela, kungcono ukusebenzisa intonga yomthi ukuphepha ukuphendula. Kubalulekile ukunyusa ngokucophelela, kodwa ngokulinganayo: ama-bubbles emoyeni kwi-fuel fired ngexesha lokusetyenziswa likhokelela ekuqhubheni kwe-rocket. Xa utyhoboza le mafutha kwiibumba, ufanele uqinisekise ukuba akukho zibhola. Ukusebenza kuyimfuneko ngocatshulwa okanye emoyeni omtsha, ngokukodwa kubandakanyeka nemithi ye-nitmonium nitrate.

Musa ukugaya iswekile kunye ne-saltpeter kwi-grinder ye-coffee grinder ndawonye! Gaya ngokwahlukileyo, xuba, yigubungele, kwisitya seglasi.

Abaqalayo akufanele bahlaziye nge-nitmonium nitrate: kuqala uzame elula kwaye ekhuselekileyo (esekelwe kwi-potassium nitrate) i-caramel fuel. Ukwenziwa kwanoma yiyiphi i-fuel fuel efunekayo kufuneka ilawulwe kakuhle umgangatho wezithako, izinga lokushisa, umongo kunye nazo zonke iindlela zokukhusela!

Kuphi ukufumana izithako

I-Saltpeter ithengiswa kwiivenkile zezolimo kunye namasebe kubahlali basehlotyeni njengesiqhumiso. I-Sorbitol yindawo yentsholongwane yesifo sikashukela. Kuthengiswa, ngokulandelanayo, kwi-ekhemisi. Fe ₂ O ₃ - i-oxide yensimbi-isetyenziselwa ukuthengiswa phantsi kwegama elithi "intsimbi yintsimbi". Unokuzama ukwenza ngokwakho, ufunde iincwadi ezifanelekileyo. I-hematite yamaminerari - oku kwintsimbi ye-oxide. I-Aluminium ithengiswa ngabavelisi beekhemikhali.