Indlela badle awafanele? Power, isakhiwo nokukotshwa nomngundo. Zeziphi izilwanyana ezitya awafanele?

Phakathi flora ehlathini kakhulu ezininzi zezidalwa twisisaka. Kodwa omnye uhlobo eziphilayo zezityalo kwi ekunene kukuba kwindawo phezulu ireyithingi olunemiqathango imfihlelo kunye byway. Sithetha ngamakhowa. Izazinzulu akuyazi into zezinto basonta: ukuya izilwanyana okanye izilwanyana. Kude kube kutshanje amakhowa babegqalwa abameli zehlabathi izityalo. Kodwa ngoku bonke Botany bayiqonda ngakumbi ukuyiphikisa le vekeleke xona. Kwaye ukuba kunjalo, ngoko ke ndingenguye owehlabathi izilwanyana. Kulo mzekelo, kukho umbuzo umdla kakhulu: "? Indlela ukutya awafanele"

Ubukumkani fungi

Isifundo kwezi indalo emangalisayo indalo ukwenza yonke indlela Botany. Ibizwa ngokuba mycology (kwaye ukuba badle njani amakhowa, beBakala 7 afumaneka kwi wesikolo). Kwanokuba luzakuqala ukusuka ukonyulwa yesiLatini amakhowa - fungi, okanye Mycota, kuye kucace ukuba ihlabathi liphela. Okanye, njengokuba ezinye izazinzulu - kummandla eziphilayo unstudied.

Eyona iphambili nomngundo kukuba oludibanisa iimpawu zazo zombini izilwanyana kunye nobomi bezityalo. zezityalo Unxulumano olunjalo kubiza eziphilayo eukaryotic. Emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, ezinye iingcali zithi kwiincwadi zakhe ukubalaselisa ikhowa bubukumkani eyahlukileyo. Noko ke, kukho uluvo sokugqibela mbandela kwasekwa kuphela kwi-imi- 70 lwekhulu XX. Kungelo xesha ukuba izazinzulu ziye esivakalayo imfuneko ikhowa kwihlabathi eyahlukileyo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX, ulwazi olufunyenwe kuphononongo lobukumkani emangalisayo ukuba izazinzulu ukwahlula izinto zibe eziliqela ezinganxulumananga ngokupheleleyo kwezinye imigca ngamnye wabele ukuba nivela ezahlukeneyo.

Iziphumo zophononongo mushroom "yokwenene" kucingelwa ukuba ube mnye kuphela uhlobo. Siye ndiye ndafunda ukuba "sisityalo" kunye CAPS neskhondo uhlala kakhulu amahlathi. Enyanisweni, zonke iintlobo sande neentsholongwane nazo ngokuba fungi. Uze uthelekise nabo kunye nabo bahlala evulekile kwi moss, kuba nzima. Emveni kwako konke - kwaye oku ubuncinane - iintsholongwane nomngundo badla ngenye indlela.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi, nditsho kanye kwenkcazo "amakhowa" na impikiswano. Ukuba sithethe ngenkcazelo kakhulu, nto leyo inxulumene KABLOOM zebhayoloji, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa igama elithi "taxon" (uhlobo lwe yezikumkani nature). Kulo endala ingqiqo, ebanzi ngakumbi, lo uphawulo uphelelwe intsingiselo yokuqala. Namhlanje sichaza iqela eziphilayo kunye trophic, uzalela kunye eukaryotes heterotrophic nohlobo osmotrofnym ukuzeyisa (oko kukuthi nto sinomdla kuzo kungoku nje zezi: ukutya njani obude). Biology lowo uyafunda umba. Kodwa yintoni ekhathaza amalungu eqhelekileyo kuzenza umlenze kunye nomnqwazi, mycology nesiko ichaziwe. Kwaye ukuzama ukujongana fungi "esiqhelekileyo" yaye "ukusoloko 'ukuba zihlala emahlathini zethu kunye amadlelo.

iyantlukwano

kwengxubevange yendalo nokuphilisana zobukumkani kakhulu. Le yenye iintlobo ezininzi eziphilayo, leyo lukwa yinxalenye yazo zonke eziphilayo ezisentlabathini kunye nezilwanyana zasemanzini. Ngokutsho uphando mihla, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho 100 ukuya 250 lamawaka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto.

Ngo-2008, ubukumkani fungi, izazinzulu ziye ekuthini iiklasi 36, imiyalelo 140, iintsapho 560 kunye 8283 walidla igama generic ezi zilwanyana. Amanani mihle! Ngokuqinisekileyo, amakhowa abahlala i niche ebalulekileyo intsebenziswano esingqongileyo kunye umntu. Zikhona phantse nasiphi bume: emanzini, kumhlaba, kuzo zonke iintlobo substrates.

Indlela badle awafanele? Impendulo elifutshane pretty elula: .. Ngabo eziphilayo, oko kukuthi, cazulula zonke iintlobo eziphilayo izinto, lo gama kukhuthazwa ukuyilwa lamanqanaba omtsha kumhlaba otyebileyo. Oku kuthathwa amandla kwakudala. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zidlala indima kunokuba ebaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo lonke umhlaba onokuphila.

lesicelo elipheleleyo

Enye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kakhulu ebalulekileyo fungi ezifumaneka kuzo zonke iintlobo zoluntu bokubambisana. Hi xikombiso, le mycorrhiza - ukunxulumana iingcambu mycelium kwezityalo aphezulu, ulele - ngokuncedisana ze mkhuhlane kunye lisiza blue-eluhlaza, njalo njalo ke abameli neokalimastigovyh odolo zezi icandelo mandatory inkqubo zokwetyisa yinyongo ... Yaye yintoni izilwanyana zitya nomngundo, yaye andikwazi ukuthetha. Nje ukuqala kuhlu!

Ukuba ukuthetha ngomntu, ngoko, njengoko siyazi, ezininzi iintlobo fungi ezisetyenziswa kwiinjongo ukutya, unyango kunye nendlu. amakhono culinary of Cuisine ezininzi yehlabathi enziwa le mveliso okunesondlo, okunencasa kunye nempilo. wokufama yazo mveliso zithandwa kakhulu. Kukho imveliso kwimveliso lonke izinto ezizodwa ukulinywa ngamakhowa. Ezi mveliso ke zenzelwe kubalandeli abo benza ukulima zabo ekhaya. Ngoko ke abalimi kufuneka akwazi ukutya njani obude. Uphendula nefuthe elibonakalayo iindleko imveliso kunye nabasebenzi.

A fungi entle kakhulu abancinane kakhulu, adla ngokusetyenziswa kwishishini yokutya ukuze ulungiselelo iziselo, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso inkqubo ukubila. Not izakulahlwa kwaye namayeza. Kwimveliso biotechnology mihla antibiotics nazo kusetyenziswa ezinye iintlobo zezi Cya.

ingozi ezinzwaneni

Nangona kunjalo, i-fungi enokusetyenziswa kunye nomonakalo. Asimele silibale ukuba fungi eziyingozi, nto leyo ezikhula iinkqubo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa eziphilayo, ube yingxaki enkulu kakhulu imiqathango yezokhuseleko. Ngokuqhelekileyo musa isongela iimeko ngumntu okanye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, kodwa inokubangela isifo solusu - enesitshanguba, kunye umonakalo maxa wambi kakhulu ukuba amalungu zangaphakathi - mycoses enzulu. Kwaye kumayelana abantu nje kuphela, kodwa izilwanyana.

engozini enkulu kakhulu eziyityhefu yabantu inokuba 'zemveli "ukudliwa. Kwezinye iimeko, nokufa kunokwenzeka. Ityhefu olunjalo idla kubangelwa nokudla kakhulu eziyityhefu okanye mushrooms hallucinogenic.

yokwahlukanisa elula

Ukuthetha ngayo ezi zinto ziphilayo emangalisayo, ndifuna ukuphendula umbuzo obalulekileyo kunye umdla hlobo: "? Indlela ukutya awafanele" Iimpendulo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo, yaye oku nangona uninzi lwabo ngamalungu elo qela linye - ezi Basidiomycetes yeklasi. abameli yakhe iiyantlukwano kakhulu kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ekudleni yendalo.

Ukuba bathi iimveliso ihlathi enokutyiwa ukuze akhule kwaye badle njani amakhowa njani, ukuba kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezintathu eziphambili:

• wamatye saprotrophs;
• iinkuni-womonakalisi fungi;
• mycorrhiza.

Ngu wamatye saprotrophs zezo mushroom mycelium apho kuthe kwaqhenqetha kakhulu wamatye umaleko womhlaba. Makhowa atya mba eziphilayo obuqokelelwe ngendlela umthi icinyiwe, ingca, njl Okubangel 'umdla kukuba abaninzi babo sikhule izithuba ezivulekileyo - .. I amasimi, nemiqolomba, iingingqi emathafeni. Eli qela ngokuyintloko kuquka kakuhle ngabo bonke fungi ezifana amakhowa, njengeebhatyi nomswane. Yintoni badle awafanele abahlaseli? Xa kukho nto ingeniso, baba saprotroph. Kodwa ukhetha ukubamba zonke iintlobo ezincinane eziphilayo. Ukuze benze oku, amarhamncwa kufuneka izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezikuvumela ukuba ukubamba ixhoba. Amaninzi, le yinxalenye yomzimba ngcina le ngundo: networks hyphae, amasebe mycelium. Kodwa ke kukho abathile ngokoqobo ukuba ekrwitshiweyo ixhoba yanda ngokukhawuleza ngobukhulu.

Igama leqela wesibini uthetha ukuba ngokwayo. Wood-kokutshabalalisa nomngundo, okanye ksilotrofy kuphila ngokuqhelekileyo zomthi. Nutrients iinkqubo ezinjalo olwenziwe fungi kwiipropati luncedo, abakulo ixolo lemithi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi fungi zifumaneka emahlathini kwaye, yena, yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini enemiqathango: amakhowa-gazi kunye saprotrophs fungi. Xa ucinga ngendlela ukutya amakhowa-gazi, kuye kucace ukuba ngokunzulu ungayonakalisi imithi, selyas kwi ixolo lwabo. Nangona abanye babo ukhetha ukukhula phezu kweenkuni abafileyo sele ukutshintsha indlela saprotrophic amandla.

amakhowa kakhulu okwenziwe ezilinyiweyo - ksilotrofov - ziphantsi saprotroph laseMelika. Ludla ukuthuthukisa kwizikhondo okanye iinkuni ofileyo. Phakathi olu hlobo Kubalulekile ukuphawula i Oyster ezaziwayo-kakuhle, Armillaria ehlotyeni kunye shiitake. Ezi akadliwa ezixabisekileyo kuba zikhuliswa unyaka wonke-in vitro. E ezizodwa iindawo, Based on, umzekelo, inkunkuma neenkuni icandelo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba alungiselele ukuba uhlobo kwifama.

plant ngokuncedisana

fungi Mycorrhizal, ezo iqela enemiqathango lesithathu, kakhulu efanele ukulinywa yokwenziwa kakhulu. Ngexesha uphuhliso, ukuba linxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kunye neengcambu zemithi ezinkulu, ukwakha kwabo mycorrhiza - uhlobo lwe iingcambu. Kulo mzekelo, ngokuncedisana ngokupheleleyo kwenzeka ukuze iinkuni kunye ngundo luncedo ngokulinganayo omnye komnye. uhlobo lomthi inika amandla mushroom-kuyimfuneko, ngokunjalo, yena, naye, ubonelela iinkuni izondlo kwezimbiwa kuyimfuneko. phosphorus ikakhulu nitrogen.

Indlela badle awafanele? Inxalenye phantsi komhlaba inabantu isasazwe emhlabeni, criss-ukunqumla ingcambu engundoqo isityalo enza umsebenzi kweenwele ingcambu. Inxalenye hyphae angene kwinkqubo ingcambu somthi, izicatshulwa izondlo. Ezinye izicatshulwa amanzi emhlabeni, iityuwa izimbiwa kunye nezinye izinyibiliki, kukhethwa isiqulatho nitrogen. Ngaloo wafumana ukuba ngokuyinxenye ifunyenwe kwinkqubo ingcambu engundoqo ye zityalo, kanjanalo abe sisincoko kwezondlo ukuya ngundo ngokwayo.

Okunye okunika umdla kukuba mycorrhizal ingaqala ngaphandle inkqubo ingcambu yezityalo ngaphezulu. Kodwa ke kule meko aziyo imizimba fruiting yale mngundo. Oku kwenzeka ntoni apha ekhaya kunye ngundo culturing close emhlophe noko ohlobo (boletuses, Aspen). Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku qela nomngundo akukho okwenziwe banakho. Nangona kungekho mithetho ngaphandle nketho. Umzekelo, eFransi naseJamani kuba ukulima eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwi truffle abamnyama, amila iingcambu beech oki nezithole.

Ekholelwa esidla

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amakhowa abondliwayo iikhompawundi esele zenziwe organic. Kodwa kunjalo, indima ephambili idlalwa iikhompawundi ukuba isiseko carbon. Carbon - umthombo iphambili nomngundo amandla. Yokudla fungi enokutyiwa ebalulekileyo phambi kwezinto nitrogen - zisenza ukukhula. Ngenxa yoko, ukuselwa izinto ezingaphiliyo kaninzi kakhulu wathi fungi awadli autotrophic. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le nitrate Ammonium kunye neetyuwa ze yezabelo. Ngaphandle carbon nitrogen kwayo fungi ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nobuninzi lweziqalelo izimbiwa - calcium, nemagnesium, phosphorus. Kwaye kwezakha amakhowa zifuna izinto ezifana nobhedu, izinc ne manganese.

Kodwa, ukuba ubuzwa ukuba adle njani amakhowa, impendulo emfutshane kufuneka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: heterotrophically. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngeke ngokuzimeleyo ukuqhubekekiswa izimbiwa zondle zibe organic. Ngoko ke, bonke kuyimfuneko wendele ngohlobo "izicombululo zolwelo".

Ulwazi malunga adle njani amakhowa, zibaluleke kakhulu ukulinywa yokufakelwa kwamalungu edliwayo kulo mbuso. Emva ekudaleni indawo evumayo lokukhula kwabo - isitshixo kwimveliso mveliso nempumelelo.

Izilwanyana fungi

Ngokusekelwe izibakala ngentla, kuye kucace ukuba amakhowa neziphumo ezixhomisa kakhulu ukuba umntu aphila ukutya umbono. Kodwa yintoni na imeko izilwanyana? Yintoni ixabiso kwihlabathi amakhowa na kubo? Zeziphi izilwanyana ezitya awafanele? Le mibuzo unokuphendulwa ngokuhlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha imikhwa abemi zixhaphakileyo yehlathi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngoko nangoko ukuba bathande ukutya ezininzi izilwanyana zasendle, ezifana amaxhama, oonomatse, amabhere, amaxhama.

abazingeli Okuninzi udle amakhowa eyaziwayo zehlathi mouse. Ba ngoko ke, kunqabile ukwenza izabelo, wakhetha ukuba nidle yonke kakhulu okumnandi ngqo emhlabeni. Enyanisweni ukwazi ukuba ihlathi mouse-vole ngandlel kudla stipe, eshiya ihleli umnqwazi. Kwaye xa sibona inani elikhulu iminqwazi ilele phezu amakhowa emhlabeni Aspen kwaye brown cap boletus, kuba ngumqondiso oqinisekileyo wokuba le ndawo kutshanje isidlo murine.

Ezinye abameli nakwiintaka ukuthanda obude. Baya kudla kuwo kuphela kwithuba ehlotyeni-ukwindla, sklevyvaya ukunyanga emhlabeni. Angathabatheki eenzululwazi fungi zaye nezirhwexukazi jay, icula kunye ezinye iintlobo icula. Kwaye ke ngeentlobo ekusasazekeni izipho ehlathini, ephethe imingxunya (uzahlule kunye endleni) ngendlela kwiindawo ngokufanelekileyo ekwanti kwindawo yangoku. Oku kuyenzeka noko ngenxa yokuba imbewu, acandacanda ometyiso zeentaka, enezo ukuze imbewu intshule.

nomatse oovimba

Ukuba sithetha protein, ngexesha ihlobo, bayadla neenkowane emhlabeni. Ngexesha lasebusika, iproteni feeds izinto, ukuvunwa ngaphambili. Amakhowa ukugcwalisa ukudla ngenxa izilwanyana ebusika iqala ekupheleni kwehlobo. Ngaphezu koko, i ezincinane umdla kukuba phambi yokugcina amakhowa atshe elangeni ukunqanda ukubola ngakumbi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, neprothini zona baxhonywa emithini ukuze ungabi lula lixhoba kwezinye abazingeli uyidle imveliso. Kaninzi usebenzisa izinti Conifers. Kakhulu protein ubeka nje phandle amaxhoba abo kwizikhondo ekhululekile kunye nomphezulu nje tyaba.

Ukuba ngoSeptemba, behamba emahlathini, sihlolisise kwezinye uluhlaza okanye pine, ungenza badla ngokuphawula iimpawu kokuvuna ezi kwizilwanyana ezinoboya. Kaloku, phezu isixa okusilelayo ukuba ubusika nga kugwetywa kwi-manani ezinikwe zizazinzulu. I protein avareji ngokufumana enye slot kwiiyunithi 200 zomngundo ezahlukeneyo. inani Pretty isimanga, ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba icandelo elikhulu Stores abahlala makhowa ezimhlophe. Ubunzima elipheleleyo imveliso yomile ungaba kuze 600 grams. Oku kulingana 6 kg mushroom eluhlaza efanayo.

Amanita - ityhefu okanye inzuzo?

Ngubani odla ikhowa yehlathi? Ukuba sithetha abahlala ihlathi elikhulu, into yokuqala ekubalulekileyo ukuzikhankanya lo dlebe. Ezi izilwanyana ngokwenene wayeyoliswa kakhulu amakhowa, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Malunga ixhama umdla kakhulu kukuba bazimisele ukuba nidle iimpukane agaric nalapho izilwanyana ezininzi iintlobo zinetyhefu. Izazinzulu abanomdla kakhulu sifundo solu shicilelo, kodwa okwangoku abakwazi chaza uhlobo ngqo isenzeko. Uninzi lwabo kuqhelekile ukucinga ukuba kule ndlela ixhama ngandlel 'iintsholongwane' umzimba wakho. Kukho kwakhona imbono ezinye izimbiwa yekhowa ukukhuthaza ukugaywa elk.

Kulo mba, siphawula izilwanyana ukuba nje kuphela, kodwa abantu ngamanye amaxesha basebenzisa iphaphazela agaric. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, abantu badla amanita kuphela ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, basenako ukwenza iindidi tincture obunxilisayo isiseko sesi mngundo. Ku ababesithi ukusebenzisa kwabo kunegalelo ekunyangeni rheumatism.

Enyanisweni amakhowa ibe kakhulu luncedo, kokubini beengxenye umkhondo abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Kwaye leyo njongo yothintelo lwezonyango, kungekhona nje yindlala, izilwanyana abaninzi basebenzisa kwabo ukutya.