Indawo yaseMzantsi Melika. Inkcazo yendawo yokuhlala yaseMzantsi Melika

Kwixesha la mandulo, iNingizimu Melika yayiyingxenye ebalulekileyo yamanye amazwe. Emva kokuba bahlukane kwaye baqhubekele kumzantsi-ntshona leli zwekazi lide lide lihlala linye kwiizwekazi. Ukufika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amazwekazi amabini aseNtshona Koloni ahlangene ne-Isthmus yasePanama. Emva koko kwabekwa i-canal ehamba phambili. Ngokomlinganiselo omkhulu, ukubukeka kwexesha lanamhlanje akuyikuphela kuphela indawo yokuhlala eMzantsi Melika (GP) kunye nesakhiwo sayo se-geological, kodwa nemisebenzi yoluntu.

Ulwazi olubanzi kwilizwe laseMzantsi Melika. Xabiso lomhlaba

Intsimi yelizwekazi (kubandakanywa neziqithi ezikufutshane) izigidi ezili-18 km ² (yesine kwindawo). Kwixesha la mandulo, ukunyanyiswa kwamatectonic ezinamandla kwabangela ukuhlukana kwi-sushi kunye nokukhutshwa kweplani yaseMzantsi Melika kude nentshonalanga - kwi-platebe yaseNazca. Isiphumo sale ndawo ehambayo yindlela yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwintlupheko enamandla yamathala e-lithosphere, ukubunjwa kweentaba eziphangaleleyo (Andes). Imozulu yezulu yafudumala, okwangoku ama-Amazon ashintshile, amanzi amaninzi kwaye aninzi namahlathi angenawo amanqabileyo entilini yawo phakathi kunye nasezantsi. Siyabulela kwindawo ekude kwilizwe eliphilayo laseMzantsi Melika, iintlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana zigcinwe. Inkcazo yendawo yokuhlala yaseMzantsi Melika iya kunceda ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi izinto ezizimisela ukubunjwa kwemozulu yendalo kunye nemimandla yendalo, imisebenzi yabemi.

Indawo yaseMzantsi Melika. Cwangciso

Ubume, leli zwekazi lifana nelahla, isalathiso esibhekene nePeninsula yase-Antarctic kunye neSouth Pole. Isiseko esibanzi sisekhompuma ye-equator, kwaye kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba kukho inxalenye encinci. Iimpawu zelizwe jikelele ziquka ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphambili zendawo yayo kwihlabathi kunye nemephu, izinto ezakhelene nomhlaba. Kubalulekile ukwenza amanyathelo amaninzi:

1. Ukufunda isithuba esimalunga ne-equator, i-meridian yokuqala.
2. Qinisekisa ukulungelelanisa kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu elisenyakatho, esezantsi, entshona nakuma empuma.
3. Chaza ngokufutshane ummandla wonxweme, ulwandle luhlamba ilizwekazi, iilwandle ezinkulu, iintambo kunye neendawo.

Inkcazo yendawo yokuhlala yaseMzantsi Melika

Inxalenye enkulu yelizwekazi lifumaneka ngaselantsi kwe-0 ° (equator) efanayo, kunye nakwiindawo ezisenyakatho-indawo encinci. I-Meridiya 0 ° ayidluli kweli zwekazi.

Isikhundla seNdawo yaseMzantsi Melika ngezantsi:

• 12 ° kunye. W. - Galinas ngasentla;
• 54 ° S. W. - Frouord ekumzantsi welizwekazi;
• 56 ° S. W. - isiqithi sesiqithi - m Diego-Ramirez eningizimu.

Indawo yokuhlala eMzantsi Melika ekupheleni kwee-longitude zikhokelo zeengongoma ezibini ezisempuma nasentshonalanga:

• 35 ° W. I-Etc. - m. Cabo Branco;
• 81 ° W. I-Etc. - m. Parinhas.

Nge-10 ° ngokufanayo, umda ukuya kumhlaba ufikelela kuma-4,655 km, kwaye u-5,150 km ububanzi belizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika. Isikhundla esiphathelene ne-equator yale ntsimi ngu-5 ° S. W.

Uhlobo lommandla wonxweme

Umda osentshonalanga welizwekazi lihlanjwe yiLwandle lwasePacific kunye nolwandle lwalo olubandayo lwasePeru. Le nxalenye emanxweme enxweme. Nazi iintaba eziphezulu kunye ezide kakhulu zeeAndes. UMzantsi Melika kunye neAntarctica yabelana ngolu hlobo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-Pirate ye-Middle Ages, uFrancis Drake. Umgangatho wamanzi ulula u-460 km ukusuka e-Atlantic ukuya kwi-Ocean Ocean. Ubanzi be-strait buvela ku-818 ukuya ku-1120 km, ubunzulu bayo buvela kwi-276 ukuya ku-5249 m. Indawo yelizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika kufuphi ne-Antarctica yabangela iimeko ezinzima kumzantsi welizwekazi, kwiSiteshi seMagellan nakwiziqithi ze- Tierra del Fuego. Ubume bezilwanyana zaseFalkland (Malvinas) nazo zichaphazelekayo kummandla we-polar. Empuma, iibhanki zihlanjululwa yi-Atlantic, ngasentla ngaselwandle lwaseCaribbean.

Ukubhukuda eColumbus

Kwiimephu zeGrike kunye nemidwebo yePtolemy, amazwekazi aseNtshona Koloni awachaphazelekayo. Kukho inani leengcamango kunye neengcamango ezisekelwe kubungqina bokubhukuda ukuya kwiziqithi kunye nommandla wonxweme waseMerika kubantu base-Eurasia (abaseFenike, abaseYiputa, iiVikings), abemi baseOceania. Oososayensi nabahambi bexesha babecinga ukuba kukho iNtshona indlela eya kwiindawo ezizityebi zaseMpuma. Indawo yokuhlala eMzantsi Melika yenze ikhefu elide elide elivela kwiLizwe Elidala, ulwazi lwayo olubi kuze kube se-15 leminyaka. Ngeli xesha, iiYurophu zaqala ukuhlaziya nokuphuhlisa iMelika. I-Navigator kunye nomthengisi uChristopher Columbus phantsi kweflegi yesithsaba saseSpain kane (1492-1504) watyelela iNew World. Ngesihlandlo sokuqala waya kwintshonalanga kwinqanaba le-squadron elincinci - ukufuna indlela emfutshane ukuya eNdiya. Ngexesha lohambo, enye yee-Antilles yavulwa kubo. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 1498, iinqanawa zaseColumbus zangena e-Orinoco, zaqalisa ukuwulwa kwelizwekazi ngamaYurophu. Umqhubi wendlela, ehla kumanxweme angatshatanga, wayenesiqiniseko sokuba uye wafika eIndiya. Aborigines ngesandla sokukhanya sikaColumbus baqala ukubizwa ngokuba ngamaNdiya.

Inkcazelo emfutshane malunga nekoloni yelizwekazi ngabaseYurophu

U-Amerigo Vespucci waqaphela kuqala ukuba uColumbus wafumanisa umhlaba ongaziwa. Ngozuko lwendlela yokugqala enqabileyo yomqhubi wendlela, ilizwekazi elisezantsi labizwa ngokuthi iMelika (1507). UVespucci watyelela eMelika amaninzi amaninzi ebomini bakhe. Wakha imaphu waza wawachaza. Kwiminyaka amabini amabini, amaSpeyin kunye namaPutukezi baye bafumana izikhala kwiindawo eziphambili nakumazantsi. Bajika baba ngamanxiwa amadolophu amaninzi aseNdiya akhiwa yimpucuko yama-Incas, ama-Aztec namaMaya. Kubukhulu benkoloni yaseMzantsi Melika ngabantu abavela kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia ngekhulu le-16, amaFrentshi, amaNgesi namaDatshi ajoyina. Abaqhubi bajikeleza izwekazi, bajonge kwiindawo ezinokungenakwenzeka ezingxenyeni eziphambili ekufuneni ubuncwane be-Eldorado, kunye nomthombo wamanzi anika ulutsha olungunaphakade. Izibhengezo zenyuka zenyuka phezulu kwi-Andes, zithunyelwa zehla ne-Amazon, iParana, ezinye imilambo. Umnqobi waseSpeyin owaziwayo u-F. Orellana wadlula leli zwekazi (1542), ehamba nge-Amazon esuka kwimithombo ye-Andes ukuya kwi-delta kwiNxweme yaseAtlantic.

Izifundo zaseMzantsi Melika (XVII-XX)

I-geographer yaseJamani uAhumboldt ngexesha lokuhambela kwenzululwazi yenzelwe imephu ecacileyo yelizwekazikazi, iindawo zamanzi eziselwandle ezisentshonalanga. Wayengowokuqala ukufumanisa ukubaluleka kwemifudlana ebandayo yokubunjwa kwemozulu ye-Andes, ichaza ukuphakama kwezityalo kunye neentlobo zeentaba (kunye nomFrentshi E. Bonplan). Wafunda ubunjani beMzantsi Melika kwiXesti yeXIX, i-naturalistist yaseBritani uCharles Darwin. Ukuqwalaselwa kwezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga kwiiqithi zaseGalapagos zenza ukuba umphandi enze imbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Oososayensi baseRashiya uG. Langsdorf noN. Rubtsov baphando kwi-XIX leminyaka kwimimandla engaphakathi yebala laseBrazil. Izibhengezo ezikhokelwa ngu-Voeikov noN. Vavilov bafundela amaziko okuvela kunye nokusabalalisa izityalo ezibaluleke kakhulu (1932-1933).

Ukwahlukahluka kohlobo lwelizwekazikazi

Kwilizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika, kukho ukungafani kwendalo ngenxa yezinto ezininzi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo phakathi kwabo kukufika kwemisebe yelanga, exhomekeke kummandla wolwandle. Ubume belizwekazi lichaphazelekayo:

• Iimpawu zendawo yokuhlala yaseMzantsi Melika;
• Ubungakanani bomhlaba;
• Ukusasazwa kwemimoya;
• Ujikeleze i-World Ocean;
• Iimfudumalo ezifudumeleyo ezibandayo;
• Ubunzulu bendawo (iintaba, amathala, ihlane).

EMzantsi Melika, kungekhona isimo sezulu esinzima, njengase-Afrika. Sizahlula iibhanti eziphambili (ukusuka kumntla ukuya eningizimu): i-equatorial, i-tropical ne-temperate, i-transitional-subequatorial kunye ne-subtropical.

Isiphelo

Iimpawu zendawo yokuhlala eNingizimu Melika-into ebalulekileyo ekufundeni kweli zwekazi. Kwixesha elidlulileyo ilizwekazi lalingekho kwiNxalenye yoMhlaba ekhoyo ngoku. Wadlula indlela ende yokuphuhliswa - ukusuka kwicandelo lePangea kunye neGondwana ukuya kwixesha lemihla lemihlaba.

Izwekazi lifumaneka kwiNtshonalanga yeHlabathi, ikakhulu-ukuya ngasezantsi kwe-equator. Kwintshonalanga kukho ibhanti yentaba - iAndes. Ephantse kumanxwemeni kukho umkhombe wamanzi onzulu, owavela ngenxa yokungqubana kweebhloko ezimbini ze-lithosphere. Kulo mmandla kukho izintaba-mlilo ezinamandla, kukho iinyikima ezonakalisa ubomi kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu.

Abemi banamhlanje beli lizwe liyinzala yamaNdiya, amaSpanish kunye namaPutukezi, amakhoboka athunyelwa emsebenzini. Inani elilonke lamazwe angama-12 kweli zwekazi lidlula abantu abayizigidi ezingama-380. Izwe lizityebi kwizinto, apho phakathi kwazo ziintsika eziphakamileyo, iintlambo zamanzi, iindawo eziseleyo zemizi yamandulo, ezinye izinto ezininzi zokutyelela zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.