Impembelelo kwezohlwayo kuqoqosho Russian. Imiphumo nokubekwa kwezohlwayo. Uqoqosho Russian namhlanje

Kulo nyaka, uqoqosho Russian phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu ngamazwe. Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo izicelo kumazwe angaphandle eRashiya, zibonakaliswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwezohlwayo. Yintoni ubuntu babo? Yintoni ifuthe kwezohlwayo kuqoqosho Russian? Ngawaphi amathuba avelayo kwi Russian Federation ngenxa yeenguqu kubume lwangaphandle?

Umongo kwezohlwayo

Ngokutsho uluntu umchazi-kwincopho eqhelekileyo lwembono, ukuwiswa kwezohlwayo nxamnye neRashiya ngenxa ikakhulu kwisikhundla kwezopolitiko eRashiya ngokunxulumene nobunzima Ukrainian. ithi Western, uninzi lwazo yinxalenye NATO, ingqalelo izenzo ezingamkelekanga ezisemagunyeni Russian ngokunxulumene eCrimea nasempuma imimandla Ukraine, apho, ngokutsho amazwe Atlantic awodwa ukuba, yimisebenzi pro-Russian kwamaqela axhobileyo.

Njengoko izohlwayo ezinjalo lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko. Inxalenye yokuqala luhlobo olwahlukileyo Ukwayo lwesibini - kuqaliswe amagosa kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni kwizintlu izohlwayo ezifanelekileyo.

periodization kwezohlwayo

Qwalasela ulandelelwano bamthwala apho ukwayo nxamnye neRashiya. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ulayisho lokuqala amanyathelo ezifakwa amanyathelo ngoko nangoko emva eRashiya waxhasa zimvo eCrimea kunye mmandla kufakwe ubulungu balo. ithi Western ziye ingqalelo izenzo abasemagunyeni losingasiqithi, kwakunye indawo mthethweni Russian. ohlobo elandelayo izohlwayo lawa, abahlalutyi bathi, kunye ukunyuka ngakumbi imeko Ukraine.

Izohlwayo: lucelomngeni kuqoqosho Russia

Yintoni ibe neziphumo ukwayo kuqoqosho Russian? Iingcali qaphela ukuba iingxaki enkulu ezinokuvela kule yokungenisa. Into yokuba uqoqosho Russian kuxhomekeke kakhulu yokungenisa lobuchwepheshe ophezulu, iimveliso zobunjineli, namayeza afanelekileyo, ubukhulu becala kunye nokutya. Amaqabane eziphambili Russia kwizinto ezingeniswa nje amazwe EU, abo bathe bafaka izicelo ukwayo nxamnye neRashiya. Ukuba icandelo kwezoqoqosho amanyathelo afanelekileyo aya kuba zicwangcisiwe, ukunqongophala kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle, iingcali zithi, musa ukuthatha ixesha elide.

Ufuna zimali

Impembelelo kwezohlwayo kuqoqosho Russian nga ngokucacileyo akafumaneki kule inkalo ekutsaleni umdla wotyalo. Ngokukodwa, banokuchaphazeleka ngokungalunganga amanqaku samatyala Russian Federation, nguye isalathisi iphambili ezinomtsalane eli lizwe ukuze capital angaphandle. kwenkuzi ukuhla kungabangela nokwehla GDP, abezoqoqosho nikholwe. uqoqosho Russian namhlanje, abahlalutyi bathi, kuxhomekeke kakhulu eyinkunzi angaphandle. Stock Exchange, unathi kunye MICEX niwuzalise isambuku kubangelwe ikakhulu nokutsala utyalo amazwe.

Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zithi, ikomkhulu amazwe kusenokwenzeka ukuba abe imvelaphi yasentshona. Kukho ithuba lokuba indawo abatyali evela EU kunye US uya kuthabatha, yithini, oongxowankulu emazweni-BRICS, apho, ngokutsho abahlalutyi abaninzi, ngoku emanyene eRashiya. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba amanqaku asezantsi phantsi neendlela kuphuhliswa kwi-US kunye EU akakwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo nomba zotyalo-mali.

Ukwayo kwezorhwebo kunye necandelo leebhanki

Xa oko ndizilandile nje impembelelo kwezohlwayo kwindlela leebhanki of Russia? Kweli candelo, abahlalutyi bathi, amathuba ukuvela umnwe kuqoqosho lwelizwe kakhulu. Inyaniso yokuba inkqubo zebhanki Russian yi ukuze ihlanganiswe ehlabathini (nto leyo, ilawulwa kakhulu yi-US kunye namahlakani ayo Western), ukuba bezimali angaphandle okunene ukufikelela kwi iindlela zolawulo ezingundoqo kuye. Akhawunti yeebhanki yaseMelika kunye yaseYurophu belizwe zisetyenziswa ngamashishini Russian. Ke ukuba amazwe ngetyala kunye namaziko ezemali Western isigqibo ngumkhenkce-asethi, oku kungabangela, iingcali zithi, umonakalo elibalulekileyo amashishini Russian ukusebenza kwiibhanki amazwe.

Izohlwayo (ukusuka EU) ziye zamiselwa amaziko inkulu Russian-bank zemali, ezifana VTB, Sberbank kunye Veb. Ngokukodwa, abemi EU ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, ukuba akuvumelekanga ukuba ukufumana iintlobo ezithile izibambiso kula maziko. Ngokutsho abahlaziyi, xa kusenziwa oku kuthetha into enye kuphela - ezi iibhanki Russian akuseyomfuneko ukufikelela kwiimarike zenkunzi. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba babe iingxaki kunye nokuhlawulwa kwamatyala lwangoku, ubhaliso mboleko amatsha kunye notyalo.

MVUME LOKUNDWENDWELA LEXESHANA - eRashiya?

Elinye icala umthetho kakhulu ngokomzekeliso malunga nemiba efana nefuthe kwezohlwayo kwinkqubo zebhanki Russian, kungathathwa i lock iinkqubo inkulu intlawulo ehlabathini - MVUME LOKUNDWENDWELA LEXESHANA kunye MasterCard - amakhadi yebhanki yamaziko ezininzi zemali eRashiya, ezifana "Sobinbank" Bank "Russia" "SMP Bank". Hlawula ngokusebenzisa imijelo yokufumana ngamazwe, abaxhasi zezi bhanki abakwazanga. Noko ke, iingcali bayavuma ukuba luqhawulwe ngokupheleleyo emarikeni Russian ka- MVUME LOKUNDWENDWELA LEXESHANA kunye MasterCard angeke. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, kukho uloyiko lokuba uzinzo EU kwiinkqubo zezimali.

Enye ngenxa yezohlwayo kwicandelo logcino inokuba ukunciphisa siboleka kwiinkampani Russian kwi West. Imigaqo-mboleko evela kwiibhanki Western, kwiimeko ezininzi, kunokuba kwi Russian Federation (ubukhulu becala ngenxa namazinga enzala asezantsi). Noko ke, ukuze kube ebonakalayo impembelelo eyenziwayo izohlwayo malunga nomba yoshishino ngetyala ukuba ngoosomashishini baya kuba nako ukuqhagamshelana nabanye neemarike ngokwalo mboleko. Enye ingcali ethembisayo Russian ubona uguqulelo Chinese.

konke ngeendawo zonke iibhanki?

Nceda iibhanki Russian ngokwemiqathango ye-Central Bank ikulungele ukwayo. Ngokukodwa, amajelo eendaba apapasha ingxelo yenkokheli Central Bank ukuba oovimba kwemali yamazwe ngamazwe ezinokusetyenziswa xa kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela le njongo. Iibhanki inkulu Russian Federation ubhengeze ukuba bakulungele ukwayo. ubunkokeli Sberbank, ingakumbi, libhengeze ukuba iziko izixhobo ezaneleyo, amava ulawulo kunye nenqanaba nobuchule kuqhubeka phantsi kwezi meko zoqoqosho nezopolitiko. "Gazprombank" kunye VTB kananjalo waqinisekisa uluntu ukuba izenzo ze-US kunye EU akuyi kuchaphazela uzinzo lwemali amaziko. Ngoko ke, ukuze kube ebonakalayo ifuthe kwezohlwayo kuqoqosho Russian njengenxalenye kwicandelo logcino.

Ukwayo kwezorhwebo kunye namathuba

Ngokutsho kwezinye abezoqoqosho, izohlwayo EU - izizathu elungileyo yokusekwa yemicimbi kuqoqosho Russian, leyo, ngenxa uhlenga ongqingqwa kumazwe yeoli, nto ekuphuhliseni ngokukhawuleza kangangoko ngaso.

Amathuba amakhulu, abahlalutyi bathi, ekhona nje ukubaluleka enye. Russia unobuqili obaneleyo - zombini ngokwemiqathango amandla emveliso kunye izinto, yaye ngokwemiqathango yecandelo yenzululwazi ukuvelisa isambuku iimpahla kwamanye amazwe.

iimpendulo ezingafunwa

Zeziphi iindlela apho Russia baphikise ukwayo? Okokuqala kubalulekile kuqaphela yamkelwa ngo-2006, kudala ngaphambi kokuba baqalisa ukuphuhlisa ndawo gca yeengxaki Ukrainian, umthetho malunga amanyathelo akhethekileyo endalo koqoqosho, nto leyo ingasetyenziswa xa eli lizwe liya kuziva imfuneko ukuphendula ngezenzo siphosakeleyo ukuba sesona soyikiso izilangazelelo Russia, kwinqanaba yobudlelwane bezizwe. Ngoko ke, imithombo ezingundoqo ezisemthethweni ezifakwe kukwazi ukuba impendulo kwanyanzeliswa izohlwayo nxamnye neRashiya, zikhona. Ngaphezu koko, kukho ubungqina ukuba izakhiwo zeNdibano Federal lomsebenzi ekudalweni ngezenzo zomthetho ezitsha, nto leyo ukwandisa uluhlu lweentlobo zokumelana RF phantsi koxinzelelo ngamazwe. Ngokukodwa, kukholelwa ukuba imithetho emitsha zingabandakanywa amalungiselelo uvumela ngokuthathelwa asethi ebekwe kwi-Russian Federation of kwiinkampani zangaphandle (ezikarhulumente nezabucala).

Iindlela lweMelika

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba izizathu ukuqaliswa kwezohlwayo abasemagunyeni baseRashiya siwabalile ngokusekelwe izimvo ngamagosa eliphezulu, ngokungenabulungisa kunye ngokunxamnye logic, zokumelana nxamnye kumazwe Western, efana inyathelo nxamnye neRashiya, zaye ebisasebenza. Ngokukodwa, ngexesha nencum lokuqala amanyathelo ngamazwe achaphazelekayo karhulumente Russian bagqiba ukwenza uluhlu bantu ngabemi Western, abo alelwe ukungena kummandla Russian Federation.

Xa VISA and MasterCard, njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, bayeka ukukhonza ikhadi kwiibhanki eziliqela Russian, abasemagunyeni baseRashiya bagqiba ukuqinisa umsebenzi kwindawo yokuqala, ngomhla ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yentlawulo yelizwe, yaye okwesibini, ukutsala lemarike Russian Federation of the Chinese Ministry of Railways - UnionPay, leyo abe okhuphisana kakhulu kwiinkokeli yangoku ihlabathi. Oku kuya kubangela MVUME LOKUNDWENDWELA LEXESHANA kunye MasterCard zizinto ezibalulekileyo, ngokutsho kwezinye abezoqoqosho, umonakalo - kwi amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi.

Le phakeji yokufunda kakhulu Russian of zokumelana yaba umlomo yokungenisa kwi Russian Federation uluhlu enkulu iimveliso zokutya, ikakhulu ekhutshwe yokudla EU (kwakunye neenkampani e Canada, Australia nase-United States). Kwinyanga ka-Agasti, uMongameli Russian wakhupha umthetho ahambelanayo. Uluhlu lwempahla zawa phantsi korhwebo yaba iintlobo zokutya - inyama, imveliso zobisi, intlanzi, imifuno, iziqhamo. Ngokwemiqathango mali esilingana intsingiselo iyonke lokuba ngabahlahleli ziqikelela, ngexesha lokuvela zokumelana ilingana no-9 billion.

Kwakhona ku Agasti, ziye zalungiswa apha naphaya kushishino ekukhanyeni. Ngokukodwa, ukuthengwa ingxenye zavalwa amalaphu impahla, isikhumba kunye oboya. Noko ke, iingcali akazange acinge eli nyathelo lwe abasemagunyeni Russian ukuphendula ngqo izohlwayo, njengoko umda ehambelana abachaphazelekayo ezazivela onke amazwe, zamadoda abo, kunye ne-Russian Federation zifakiwe kwi-Customs Union, hayi kuphela eNtshona Koloni.

Imiphumo "antisanktsy 'ukuba EU

Inyaniso yokuba ukwayo Koloni kuqoqosho Russian kunokubangela iingxaki kwinqanaba yokungenisa ke, sele sitshilo, becaphula umzekelo kwamashishini eziliqela. Kodwa iya ngexesha elifanayo uzive ngokwabo abathumeli elungileyo amazwe bathi iimveliso zobunjineli efanayo. Abo olunikwe eRashiya izixhobo? Zintoni iziphumo kunokwenzeka ukwayo EU? Ngokutsho komnye umhlalutyi Iingxelo Reuters The, baseYurophu ukhululekile kakhulu cishe ngeke. Enye amaqabane ezininzi esebenzayo of Russia kwinkalo yezoqoqosho - Germany. Kukho amanani :. Malunga 300 ezii eJamani ibonisa kunjalo ingqesho kumacandelo ngentsebenziswano ne-Russia. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ezithunyelwa isiJamani eRashiya inokuncitshiswa ngamashumi eziliqela ekhulwini (ubukhulu becala kwizifundo zobunjineli ngoomatshini). Noko ke, kukholelwa ukuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kuqoqosho jikelele waseJamani ngokubanzi zisiba ubudlelwane ne-Russia angeke. Nje ngokuba isabelo yangoku Russian kwi lilonke German yorhwebo langaphandle ngoku akukho ngaphezulu kwe-4%. Ngoko ke, ifuthe kwezohlwayo kwi iingcali ishishini ibonwa eYurophu ngokwaneleyo kuphela.

Sokudla "antisanktsii"

Imiba enxulumene kakhulu kakhulu, ngokutsho iingcali, ezo zokumelana koogunyaziwe Russian - sokuvala intsingiselo iimveliso EU. abahlalutyi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba amafama yaseYurophu abachatshazelwa yi ukukwaywa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhanjiswa eRashiya abaninzi kubo isiqinisekiso inzuzo, kodwa amanye amashishini kunye bonke ijelo ukuthengisa ezinkulu. Fumana abathengi kwezinye iimarike, abahlalutyi bathi, amashishini ukutya i-EU uya kukwazi ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Kwaye ke kwixa elizayo, ishishini labo mhlawumbi akunakwenzeka ukuba ibe nenzuzo.

Fund European

Noko ke, ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba iziphumo korhwebo kuba EU ukuze kube ezibalulekileyo njengoko, ingakumbi, ifuthe kwezohlwayo kuqoqosho Russian. Isabelo kumazwe angaphandle kwemveliso yezolimo ukusuka EU eRashiya - ngaphantsi kwe-5% kuqoqosho lalo mbutho kwezopolitiko. Kwaye oku nangona Russia - eli yesibini ye-EU ngokwemiqathango emarikeni ingxenye. Kwakhona, kukho ubungqina bokuba i-EU uza ukubuyisela ilahleko kunokwenzeka "antisanktsy" kwi inxalenye Russian Federation, esebenzisa izixhobo ngokukodwa wadala mali. Noko ke, ixabiso layo, ngokutsho abahlalutyi, ngakuba nomtsalane kakhulu - million 400 euro. A lizwe bangafumana ukuhlupheka "antisanktsy" banamandla kunabanye - eFinland. ngenxa yokusondela ngokwezelizwe Ngu oko urhulumente kunye Russian Federation abakhulu amaqhina kwezoqoqosho. Malunga nama-25% abantu kumazwe angaphandle ukusuka Finland uya eRashiya. Noko ke, isabelo ukutya kuwo - ngaphantsi kwe-3%.

amathuba ukuze nokwanela

Oko ke iye yaba nefuthe kwezohlwayo kwezolimo Russian? Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ekuvalweni ukutya kubavelisi evela EU ityile kakhulu amathuba agrarians of Russia. Ngezigaba ezininzi wakususa yayigcinwa emarikeni, okanye ubuncinane kakhulu ngaphantsi kwizinyibilikisi. Kukho umbono wokuba abavelisi bezolimo of iRussia zilungiselelwa kakhulu ukukhula komthamo imveliso, kwaye kule meko kukho nemizekelo emibini kunokwenzeka: Ukuzalisa yayigcinwa ngenxa yokuba abathengisi abavela kumazwe musa kuwa phantsi korhwebo, okanye oko ngaphantsi enqwenelekayo kuqoqosho i Russian Federation, ukuvela sentsilelo yorhwebo ebambekayo. Ke kaloku, ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.

uqoqosho Russian namhlanje, iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa, ayikho kodwa abakwazi isiqinisekiso endaweni yokungenisa olusebenzayo ngokupheleleyo - kuquka kwinkalo yezolimo. Abahlaziyi waphawula ukuba ukwanda yokuthengisa kwamaxabiso iimveliso ezahlukeneyo yenzekile ngexesha ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kunye nokuqaliswa "antisanktsy". Ngokutsho umhlaziyi, ekupheleni kuka-2014, ezinye iindidi kwizikhundla yorhwebo ukuze akhule ngaphezu kwama-30%. Kwi-avareji, iimveliso njengabumba ibhaskithi esisiseko, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso abe malunga ne-15%. Kukho ithuba, abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuba iimveliso umgangatho kuwa phezu ezishelifini. ERashiya, kwakunye nakumazwe amaninzi, apho izakuthatwa yokungenisa impahla, imigangatho yokuvelisa azikho inomthetho eYurophu.