Yezoqoqosho French Jean-Baptiste Yithi: uphando biography. "Imbali on Economy Political"

Jean-Baptiste Yithini, ifoto eya kwinqaku, uthathwa ibingomnye wabalandeli ubalaseleyo kwithiyori Adam Smith. Eli nani absolutized ingcamango indlela ezizenzekelayo ukulawula kwiimeko zemarike. ngakumbi Cinga ngaphezu odumileyo Jean-Baptiste Say.

biography

Wazalwa figure ngoJanuwari 5, 1767 e Lyon, kusapho zomrhwebi, a priori, ukuba busenza ukuba ukuba iimpawu ezifana nobuchule zoshishino. Zhan Batist Sey, emva kokufumana ixesha elaneleyo ukuba kokusekwa kwayo, wayithabatha-uqeqesho self. Ngelo xesha yena baphenjelelwa ingqiqo Smith. Eyona ndlela iphambili ethe yatsala kwakhe uqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Ekuhambeni ukufunda uqeqesho wafunda umsebenzi Smith "ubutyebi beentlanga." Iimbono kuvakaliswa kulo msebenzi kufuneka uhlehlisiwe nje kuphela ukuze kuxhamle lonke eFransi, kodwa kulo lonke ihlabathi - ngoko wacinga Jean-Baptiste Say. figure iimboniselo Economic yaphuhliswa kangangoko enkulu phantsi kwempembelelo iziganeko ye-18 - nasekuqaleni kweye-19. A indima ebalulekileyo ebidlalwe yi uhambo lwakhe eNgilani. Kweli lizwe, ngokungafaniyo France, kuvuthwa waqalisa ukuba kuvela imisebenzi hayi zolimo nezeefektri.

qala umsebenzi

Sibuyele ka1789 ukusuka eNgilani, Sy ungena kwinkampani ye-inshorensi. Apho, waba unobhala Claviere, owayeza kuba uMphathiswa wezeMali. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba igosa elandelayo ndandifunda naye ngelo xesha, "ubutyebi beentlanga" uSmith. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, Jean-Baptiste Yithi ke ezikufutshane Jacobins, bathumela ntliziyo empini nabavukeli. Ngowe-1794 th ishiya le nkonzo, waba umhleli we phephancwadi Paris kwaye isebenza de th 1799. inkululeko yakhe oluyintsusa, uvavanyo ibalulekileyo yemisebenzi karhulumente kwicandelo loqoqosho ziye zanegalelo okukhawulezileyo ngempumelelo umsebenzi wakhe njengelungu leKomiti Finance yamaTyala. amava Practical kurhulumente, ulwazi olunzulu izinto lwezenzululwazi, idityaniswe kwimbono kombono Smith iye ngokuqinisekileyo negalelo ekubhaleni imisebenzi yabo kwi iziseko thiyori yokuphucula uqoqosho loluntu.

Jean-Baptiste Yithi: "A ama kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko"

Lo msebenzi uye iqondo elikhulu ngokubaluleka zesizwe. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-18 eFransi waqalisa ukuvela, yaye kungekudala waba ingcamango ethandwa kakhulu Physiocratic. Baqhubeka ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo phambili kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, nangona into yokuba kuguqulelwe "Ubutyebi Nations 'yapapashwa ngo-1802. Yoyisa iingcinga bakhaya nje Jean-Baptiste Say. Ngokufutshane, incwadi yakhe yaba ingxelo nje indlela ngawo ukuyilwa, usasazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi. Lo msebenzi kuphela xa uqala waphinda bechaza iingcamango Smith. Emva kokupapashwa incwadi ngokwayo, Jean-Baptiste Say kunye noogxa bakhe eNgilani kuqhubeka ukusebenza ukuphucula lo msebenzi. Le ncwadi uye ezongeziweyo ezininzi kunye neenguqulelo. Xa umqeshwa uhlala kokupapashwa ncwadi yaqhutywa izihlandlo ezihlanu. Sebenzela kulwenze kwindawo isincoko ixesha eli.

Imithetho-siseko ye-methodology

Jean-Baptiste Yithini, njengezinye ziyahlonelwa, olusekelwe ingqiqo yakhe mzekelo Sciences ngqo. Umzekelo, kwi-physics kuye kuthathwe njengomzekelo. Kule inkalo methodological oko kuthetha iindidi ukuqatshelwa, imithetho kunye neengcamango, leyo zinentsingiselo zamabanga jikelele. Kunye nale, ngokutsho ingcamango yithini, inkqubo yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko kunye nezenzo nje into theoretical component achazayo. Umfanekiso benzani bayamkela imigaqo imarike free, urhwebo ngaphakathi kunye nangaphandle, amaxabiso, ukhuphiswano mda kunye non-nkqu wabonakala nakancinane into yokuZenzekelayo. Wayiphakamisa ingcamango elikwisikhundla ngokupheleleyo. Xa ukwamkela Concept Say Injongo isiqinisekiso uluntu ekupheliseni hormone, underconsumption. Oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, walawula naziphi na kwentlekele izimvo zabo.

Imfundiso yokuzala

Xa kwimbali ingcamango kwezoqoqosho igama Say lidla ezinxulumene ne ngomfanekiso zezenzululwazi owakholwa ngokuvisisana kwezimvo kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo iimeko zemarike. Washumayela ukuba izikhokelo zokuvunywa kuqoqosho self-elawula Smith. Kufuneka wathi ukugxekwa iingcamango ethunyelwe Jean-Baptiste Yithi, nangona inani elikhulu seenzame ukuphikisa ubuntu babo ezahlukeneyo, wahlala yayingaphelele ngaphezu kwekhulu. Le mbono ukuzinza ngenxa izinto ezintathu. Eyokuqala "umyalelo zendalo," Smith wacebisa nezimo umvuzo kunye namaxabiso. Xa indima isixando ngemigudu exchange yezezimali kunye neziphumo zawo kuwo onke amaziko kweemarike waba luncedo macala. Ngokwale mbono, Jean-Baptiste Say wathi komnye inkqubo nje ayamkelekanga. Okwesibini, kwakhona ngokusekelwe iingcamango Smith, akubikho naluphi na uphazamiseko kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho ngaphandle. "Umthetho kaThixo" sixhasa imfuneko ukwenzela ukunciphisa izixhobo karhulumente kwaye ingenalo novelwano, ukuphepha ezizenzekelayo. Ukongezelela, isigama progressiveness ukuqikelela kokwandiswa kobuhlobo zemarike kuluntu ngokusekelwe iziphumo inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa.

Umongo "umthetho"

Kwakugcwele kule yokuba xa sifundo kwaye ke onke amalungu oluntu imigaqo esisiseko yonikezelo liberalism kwezoqoqosho (imveliso) baya thixweni bambi i imfuno ezaneleyo (umlinganiselo). Oko kukuthi, imveliso uya kuvelisa ingeniso ezinzileyo kunye apho iimpahla ziya kuthengiswa ngokukhululekileyo. Ngoko ke "Umthetho kaThixo" kwathathwa ngabo bonke abaxhasi iingcinga liberalism kwezoqoqosho. Ayekholelwa ukuba amaxabiso simahla kwaye abongi kwimiqathango yemarike uya bandiqumbise impendulo phantse lwephanyazo ukuba utshintsho phantsi kweemeko zoqoqosho. Oku, bekuya kuba isiqinisekiso ukuzeyisa kuqoqosho. Enyanisweni, xa sicingela amathuba ubudlelwane unaniselwano apho imali kusebenza kuphela neeyunithi ukubala, lo gama imfuno iyonke ilingana ixabiso zonke iimpahla ukuba kufuneka unikezele-mali, i-hormone iyonke akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke sigqibo siyavakala kwaye ezicacileyo Blaug. Yena waba ingcaciso elula umthetho, nto leyo eyakhokelela Jean-Baptiste Yithi - "iimveliso zihlawulwa iimveliso," - kokubini kurhwebo lwangaphandle kunye zasekhaya. Elo themba wenza yegadi ngelo xesha.

Karla Marksa begxeka

Eli nani ingqalelo ngokwakhe ezihlangwini iingcamango hayi kuphela Smith, kodwa Ricardo. UKarl Marx ingakumbi kabukhali wazibhenca iingcamango yokugqibela kunye nabo owabelana umbono ngalo nakwenzeka ngeentlekele kuqoqosho. Wathi ke akunakuphepheka kwimijikelo yovandlakanyo (periodic) ngezenzeko hormone. Ukongeza, Marx ingqalelo engafanelekanga ukunyanga kwintlekele yoqoqosho njenge ingxaki underconsumption. Ngelo xesha nesenzeko esifanayo eziyingxaki, ezigxineni owayephila sengqiqo, oko kubangelwa hayi kangako yaye hayi kuphela izimvo ukungathembeki ka Yithi, kodwa regularities kwezi zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela kweemeko kukhuphiswano abangafezekanga, ephambili kunye nokuhanjiswa bodwa. Ezi ndidi asisiseko iingcamango okhoyo kumgaqo karhulumente namhlanje kwicandelo lezoqoqosho, ulawulo loluntu phezu lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso.

izinto ezintathu kwimveliso

izimvo Say yezoqoqosho ixhasiwe ngendlela ethile yaye ziboniswe ngemisebenzi Malthus. Umzekelo, ithiyori eliqhelekileyo iindleko zakhe zemveliso isekelwe phantse ngokupheleleyo kwizithuba babeka phambili ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, Sy wanika ingcamango ezi zinto zintathu kwimveliso: umhlaba, umsebenzi nekomkhulu. Oku, ibonisa ezichaseneyo kwezi ziphumo owenza abalandeli nengqiqo Smith. Ukuba Ricardo, Marx, utopians zentlalo, Sismondi, kwaye inani amanye amanani njengoko umthombo ixabiso kwiimveliso yomsebenzi eyaziwayo, enye inxalenye ngabalandeli njengoko udidi original kwamkelwa iindleko ezivelayo kule nkqubo zokukhokhela indlela (capital), abasebenzi (abasebenzi) kwaye iirenti ( umhlaba), ngubani ethwele entrepreneur. Jean-Baptiste Yithini, Malthus yaye sixhasa iindleko zemveliso iimbono kunye namalungu ingeniso yoluntu nawubonayo kudityaniswe amashishini seluxolweni phakathi abenzi. Abalandeli Smith kunye Ricardo wabona imvelaphi yenzuzo kunye irenti njenge kutsalwe iindleko zabasebenzi amandla umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nenzondo yeklasi.

theory yexabiso

Ngokuphathelele kulo mba Sei waba ezinye iinkcazelo zabo. Noko ke, yena kuphela ngokuphindaphindiweyo izimvo Smith, njengoko wenza uphendlo kweekhonsepthi ezintsha. Umzekelo, kusekelwe embonweni ukuba iimpahla basoloko iimpawu ezimbini engenakususwa - abathengi kunye nexabiso wotshintshiselwano, Sy wamnika ukubaluleka ulwalamano ixabiso kunye eluncedo iimpahla ezikhethekileyo. Ngelo xesha linye ingqalelo ngakumbi wahlawula izinto ezintathu kwimveliso. ukutolikwa bokuhlala ingcamango Smith yaba nomgaqo olwakha abasebenzi kwemivuzo yabasebenzi njengoko ingeniso, imali - ingeniso longxowankulu, umhlaba - wazikrazula umhlaba abanini. Ngaloo ndlela Sei ecacisa ukuba ezi zinto zibe ixabiso ozimeleyo uqhubeka ukwakheka.