Imizekelo bale ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. nebonisa ukuba uzicingela izakhiwo ezintsha

World bokwakha yaphuhliswa phantsi kwemithetho zebandla lubalaseleyo. izakhiwo zokuhlala yoluntu wakhangela kakhulu obulula, ngoxa le tempile wambetha enobuhandiba. KumaXesha Aphakathi icawa kuthetha kakhulu ukuba abefundisi aphezulu bafumana evela kurhulumente, ukongeza, iminikelo abantu esiza zobuncwane ecaweni. Ngale mali, yaye iicawa zakhiwa lonke eRashiya. Imizekelo izakhiwo lembambano ixesha eyashiya ukuba ezinqwenelekayo. Noko ke, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18, le meko yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo. Iicawa kunye icawa zakhiwa kakade ngaphandle Luxury ngokungeyomfuneko, kodwa imizi mihlaba, izindlu ilizwe lokumkani nkqu izakhiwo kwiindawo lokuzingela amanene adityaniswa kakhulu ekulungisweni ubuhle. izindlu Style, sokuyilwa izakhiwo, izitalato kunye nezikwere sele ngokuqhubekayo ngcono. Abakhi ingqalelo abantu abaninzi ohloniphekileyo.

style Early zwe

imizekelo ezizodwa lwezakhiwo yamandulo - a yecawa, leyo ezazakhiwe ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-12 kwimimandla kumantla eFransi. Le ndlu yecawa inkulu Gothic yakhiwa e Amiens, ngo-1220. Kamva yecawa Gothic efanayo Wakha kwisixeko German Cologne, ulwakhiwo lwalo kwagqitywa ngo-1248.

Ngokunxuseneyo kunye Gothic kwi-12 - kwiinkulungwane 14 yaye bokwakha Romanesque kumaXesha Aphakathi. bezakhiwo Italian ukwakha isakhiwo ngeendonga ubukhulu eningenakukholwa yiyo, indlu kunokuba ufana inqaba. Imizekelo izakhiwo Romanesque - isakhiwo efana ezinkulu zomkhosi. I-tier esezantsi iye yomelela ngakumbi, ezisisiseko, kumgangatho wesibini ibe ezinde kunye turrets, ngeenxa kunye okoxande kwicebo, ezinkulu nezincinane. Zonke ezinde zazitsobhi-, iifestile eziphakamileyo, ezimile nongqameko. Ulwakhiwo Romanesque kwi kumaXesha Aphakathi ngexesha lakhe. Iziduko elwa jousting kwakufuneka ayikwazanga kangcono ukukhuselwa ukusebenza ukususela iyangena utshaba, kwaye iinqaba nqaba usapho ukulungiselela le njongo.

izakhiwo yamandulo

Kumaxesha amandulo, omninzi ingqalelo yahlawulwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zikarhulumente. Ezi izakhiwo grand esilungiselelwe umbutho obonisa abaninzi. iqonga waseRoma, eyenzelwe amashumi amawaka nababukeli, yemarike yamandulo yamaGrike, indawo evulekileyo elikhulu ezaliswe ngabantu yonke imihla, iingcibi kunye nabathengi. Le sesakhiwo laseYiputa yamandulo yayahluke kakhulu ukusuka amaRoma, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba amaYiputa akazange isihlwele amawaka bahlanganisana kwindawo enye. imbali yaseYiputa buqala BC ngenkulungwane ye-15, xa sesakhiwo-mthetho phantsi kwemiqathango. Izakhiwo kwakhiwa of lekalika kunye nodongwe ebomvu. Malunga izimbo nto kuzazisa kumaYiputa amandulo abazange ochaphazelekayo malunga nesimbo izakhiwo zawo nendlela yokwakha izindlu ngaphezulu ukunqanda kwizikhukula ezivela kwezikhukhula zeNayile.

inika

Le sesakhiwo isiGrike yamandulo ukuba inxalenye enkulu ingqalelo ulwakhiwo izakhiwo zetempile, ezinye zazo lifike ixesha lethu. Ngokuthe ngcembe kwacaca styles ezininzi bokwakha:

• Doric - Amanqaku a, ngeendlela ezilula enamandla, nabanye zabo enzima-handedness. imiqolo Doric kwi nelembande kumphezulu, vee enzulu, unyenyisa ukusuka kwisiseko ncinane ukuya iingqukuva. Imigca zilaliswe ngecala Doric - oku, iyimithi; edityaniswe ikholam ukuya kwinqanaba le-abacus, phezulu oluya owawukuDonga ezibandakanya amabili - triglyphs kunye metopes. Bonke kunye uhlobo entablement leyo surmounts gezimsom, lwesakhiwo kunye Buze ebalulekileyo yangaphandle.

• ukuze Ionic - kuthelekiswa olinganise emikhulu Doric ezahlukeneyo ngokulula. Ngumqondiso ophambili sokubandakanyeka umyalelo Ionic likomkhulu le curls column-ezimile volute kabini ejoliswe phantsi. ukuze Ionic kugqalwa ngesimbo zokwakha obhinqileyo, njengoko kucizwa wongezelela zokuhombisa. Kwakukho umyalelo kwi VI ngenkulungwane BC, e Ionia, kunxweme ekumntla kuLwandle iAegean. Kwinkulungwane kamva, lithe laqhenqetha yonke Greece yamandulo. Isakhiwo ephambili isimbo Ionic - yinto itempile yothixokazi zekhompyutha kwisiqithi Samos, eyakhiwa ngowama-570 BCE yaye kungekudala yatshatyalaliswa yinyikima. Kwaye isakhiwo kakhulu stylish kumyalelo Ionic ke endlwini ka-Artemis e-Efese - enye "Seven Wonders of the World."

• ukuze laseKorinte - eyona yakutshanje, yahlukile kwezinye ukuzidla okhethekileyo. Columns ngomfanekiso kunye entablature bafana iimpawu zomyalelo Ionic, kodwa abacus kunye capital zahluke kakhulu. LaseKorinte style ngokupheleleyo zokuhombisa yoyilo, neengqukuva walo wokudla iintyatyambo phezu iperimitha kukho imiqolo emibini ngamagqabi acanthus. Capital kwakhona buyifanele volyutok ezininzi weenyibiba.

"Palladianstva"

ngekhulu Early 18 yabalasela ukuvela intsingiselo entsha inkcubeko ehlabathini - classicism. imilo rhoqo, ukuhla nokunyuka ezicacileyo zobukhulu - la iinqobo eziphambili classicism bokwakha. A ngumlandeli othembekileyo indlela yamandulo izakhiwo zetempile, i yelo master Palladio kunye umfundi Scamozzi ukuxhasa imfundiso yakhe classicism yamandulo. Imfundiso iye ngokuba "palladianstva" yaba kakhulu asetyenziswe ekwakheni izindlu zangasese. Style "classicism" bokwakha kwaba enobuchwepheshe kunye umsebenzisi-friendly ngokwemiqathango kuyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.

Sunset bokwakha "ezimbejembeje"

Kwathi kanti, iindleko izakhiwo kwakhiwa kwindawo entsha, ukuba asezantsi kakhulu. Izakhiwo kwahluka kwenziwe ngobulumko, "cream akatswe" emva into ezimbejembeje ye elidlulileyo, kunye classicism-yezihlunu nokubunjwa kwayo macala yaye sizibambe amanene yomhombiso zizuza fans. iingcali yaseYurophu kwimizobo bokwakha babekulungele ukushiya zobuciko kunye yase ukuyivuma Chamber, kunye amanqaku classicism academic, yayixakekile kwaye ezintle.

Kwangaxeshanye, izindlu ezininzi zakhiwa phantsi kolwalathiso Andrea Palladio, edume apho kwibhotwe "Rotonda" kufuphi Vicenza. Style "classicism" ngokukhawuleza wazuza ukuthandwa in bokwakha. IParis ngokoqobo waphuphuma ekwakheni. Phantsi Louis XV wakhela izakhiwo yonke bokwakha, ezifana Concorde. Yaye ebudeni bolawulo Louis XVI "classicism laconic" iye yaba intsingiselo enkulu bokwakha ezidolophini. Emva kokuba ukubulawa isiFrentshi uKumkani ukubhukuqwa ukumkani ngo-1793 eParis ixesha elide wakha ngokungakhethiyo kwaye inconsistently.

Indlela yokwakha yoBukhosi

Xa classicism ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 baqalisa ukwehla, kwakufuneka sokuphuculwa lonke inkcubeko ngokubanzi kunye bokwakha njengoko amalungu ayo candelo.

Xa indawo classicism kwafika isimbo esitsha kwimizobo kunye bokwakha, ekuthiwa uBukhosi, nesuka kwaye yaphuhliswa eFransi, ebudeni bolawulo uNapoleon I. Ukukhula umkhwa omtsha kubangelwe akukho inxalenye encinane yezizathu zezopolitiko. I-Government of UNapoleon Bonaparte bazama ukunyanzelisa ebizwa ngokuba yi-style yayo 'yasebukhosini "izakhiwo, xa kwacaca ukuba classicism uyeza lizakuvalwa. Indlela emisiweyo yaye bamakhazikhazi Empire kunye nazo zonke ezinye izimbo zakhiwo ngenkulungwane ye-19 elingana kahle kungena agglomerates ebhotwe, kodwa ugxininiso isekhona kwi "basebukhosini 'ulwalathiso.

Kwi-Russian uBukhosi sesakhiwo wabonakala ebudeni bolawulo Alexander I, ngubani sinyanisekile inkcubeko isiFrentshi kwaye wacinga likufanelekele iqhosha. Akumangalisi umlawuli wamema wezakhiwo evela eFransi, Auguste Montferrand, ukuze kwakhiwe edume Cathedral St. kaIsake. Style bokwakha - uBukhosi - wayengekho uniform ngohlobo lwalo, ukuba yahlulwe lo St. Petersburg eMoscow, kwaqhubeka de ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ukongezelela Cathedral eSt bakaIsake, eyakhiwa ngo-1858, eSt Petersburg kukho omnye wobugcisa isimbo "basebukhosini" i Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, yaye eMoscow "woloyiso Arch". uhlobo Russian bokwakha Empire - Kwisithuba seminyaka-amathathu, ulwakhiwo ngemisebenzi bokwenene.

Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo bobugcisa St. Petersburg

Enye imizi abadumileyo ehlabathini ezibalulekileyo zokwakha ngumzi St. Petersburg, Northern kwi Capital of Russia. Ngenxa ukuqhubeka yaseYurophu amava Russian kwaye Western yocwangciso lwedolophu kwi XVIII - XIX iinkulungwane, eSt Petersburg, a yeMetro ekhethekileyo yasekwa. Uqhekekile umzi simelwe elinesihlanu izimbo ezahlukeneyo bokwakha, polyphony entle leyo idala umfanekiso eyodwa Ukuhlangana lamathuba eziliqela yembali kwenye. Imida Ayisichazeli akufuneki ephawulwe ngokucacileyo, "luzizi", kodwa yonke imiqondiso elidlulileyo akhoyo.

Petersburg bokwakha ibandakanya iinkalo ezisibhozo ezibalaseleyo:

• Sobuciko "UPetros", ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18;
• Sobuciko "Elizabeth", phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-18;
• Gothic, Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18;
• classicism, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18;
• Russian Empire, ngenkulungwane ye-19;
• Renaissance, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19;
• eclectic, Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19;
• Art Nouveau, kwinkulungwane yama-20;

yobuciko uPetros - a niguquke Italian kunye French ezimbejembeje. style amaninzi artsy wamkelwa yi Peter I kunye neqembu yakhe. Noko ke, ixesha apho zebhola sobuciko, waba Ndandingonwabanga, iimfazwe ezininzi bahlukunyezwe zobuncwane. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha underfinanced, yaye waba nefuthe kumgangatho wabo. Zobuciko labekwa kuphela lwefacade, accentuated iimpawu eziphambili lweentsingiselo zokwakha: i pediments, pilasters kunye volutes, le iCathedral phezu kwendlu. Le ngaphakathi zaye ezotywe ngokusekelwe yohambelwano, kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokwakha. Petrine ezimbejembeje esilawulwa eSt Petersburg ukususela 1703 ukuya 1740, emva kokufa umbusi 1725 Umsebenzi phantsi isivumelwano nabayili yaseYurophu nqabile, kodwa waqhubeka nomsebenzi eminye iminyaka eli-15.

Ngubani wenyuka etroneni ngo-1741, intombi ka-Peter I Elizabeth wafuna enye amandla, ukongeza, yena wayeqhelene obutofotofo, ubungangamsha, nangamaxesha neziqaqambileyo zimkile neebhola. Le sesakhiwo zizakhiwo zasezidolophini ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth waba pomposity lula pretentiousness, ukuze ngokwalo kwavela indlela "sobuciko Elizabeth". Umakhi iphambili ixesha Bartolomeo Rastrelli, ngubani na owadala wobugcisa izakhiwo ngokubaluleka emhlabeni - Winter Palace, ibekwe i Palace Square, nto leyo nayo eyaziwa i "Hermitage" njengoko imyuziyam.

Uluhlu lwezakhiwo, zakhiwe ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth zobuciko:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), akwenziwanga kwaba zigcinwe.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), akwenziwanga kwaba zigcinwe.
• Smolny Cathedral, wakha eSt Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, eSt Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Ukuhamba Palace kwi-Central Slingshot (1751 - 1754), akwenziwanga kwaba zigcinwe.
• I-Catherine Ibhotwe e Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Ithemba (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• House Shuvalov kwisitrato Italian (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Zemizi Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), akwenziwanga kwaba zigcinwe.

Gothic e St. Petersburg

Isixeko kwi Neva yenye yezixeko elifana kakhulu ehlabathini apho inkcubeko zahlukahlukene kakhulu. izakhiwo zwe wabonakala eSt Petersburg ngowe-1777, ukuba Chesma Palace kunye Chesma Church. Njengoko kunjalo kunye "iRoma uPetros", ezi zakhiwo musa ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo isimbo. izinto imisebenzi zwe njengento izinto lwangaphandle - olungaphambili, nezingqameko, uqoqo ezininzi, iCathedral phezulu. Ukunikela izakhiwo nezakhiwo eyenziwa usebenzisa scheme lula. Enyanisweni, oko pseudo, kunjalo kwinkulungwane ye-19 inani elikhulu iicawa nezakhiwo wempangelo kwakhiwa.

Indlela yokuyilwa of "classicism" iye yaphuhliswa kwixesha ukususela 1760 ukuya kunyaka 1780. Petersburg ngelo xesha lilungele utshintsho. Building, wakha kuloo isimbo lwamandulo, uvumelane ngokugqibeleleyo ummandla wedolophu. Phakathi izakhiwo ezininzi langutana zezi zilandelayo:

• "Imperial Academy of Arts Omhle", eyakhelwe Vasilevsky Island ngo-1764 -1788 kwiminyaka.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Isisitheliso Gardens of the Hermitage Small (1764-1775).
• Church Armenian (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Mining Institute of uKumkanikazi uCatherine (1806-1808).

Classicism yaba sisandulela lokutyelela St. Petersburg yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ukutshintsha indlela sele yenzekile zifihlakele. Nangona indlela yokwakha yoBukhosi waba ezifunwayo eFransi njengenxalenye utshintsho olukhawulezayo ezenzeka kweli lizwe. Loo nto ibonisa enamabhongo kukaNapoleon waba uphawu lokuphila elitsha isiFrentshi. A Empire Russian indawo classicism, akukho ngaphezulu. Petersburg bokwakha eziphuhliswe imithetho yaso. A ifuthe elibonakalayo nokubunjwa yayo yaba inkcubeko French.

Architecture ne Photography

Ukwakhiwa zokuhlala kunye sacral, izindlu Manor nasezicaweni, iintolongo ofisi ekhaya. Nasiphi na isakhiwo apho ezifanelekileyo kubomi loluntu wayeza kuba ukwakheka. Ezinye zezindlu zakhiwa ngokuhambelana ngqongqo bayo imithetho yokwakha, umakhi ngokufuthi ikwazile ukufikelela nemiphumela encomekayo. Ubuciko art wezakhiwo wayewacingele, kuba akazange kodwa khona iifoto. Photo art kwavela waza waqalisa nokuphuhlisa kuphela kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19. Noko ke, hayi ngoko nangoko nako ukubuyisela umfanekiso efotweni. Architecture - kusoloko umfanekiso kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo, kunye shades ezininzi kunye neethowuni kwaye eqhelekileyo akazange abanike daguerreotype, ngomhla kwipleyiti lifumana kuphela indawo amcaba imisele ngokungangqalanga. Yaye amagcisa baqhubeka ukuzoba.

kudlule Kodwa ke iminyaka, ukuphuculwa mfanekiso, uze emva koko kwafika umzuzu xa nasiphi na isakhiwo yenziwe lula izithombe. Architecture, yakudala ngokufanele, yi "umculo ekhenkciweyo", yaye abaninzi bangathanda umculo egcinwe kwinkumbulo ngohlobo imifanekiso. Abantu ebuzwa ngokuchasene nentsukaphi emakhayeni abo okanye ezama ukuba arhoxe kufuphi kwezinye izakhiwo dumeke. izimbo ezahlukileyo lwezakhiwo, apho iifoto ube ikhaya ingqalelo uhlobo elungileyo, yaba ethandwayo. Ngemihla okuqala ukufota, uninzi imifanekiso uyabanda usapho, okanye imifanekiso yezakhiwo.

IZimbo izakhiwo imizekelo

Imizekelo iintlobo yokuyilwa entlobo, ngamnye kubo iimpawu ezithile okuluphawu le ndawo, esiveza ubunini kwaye ixesha apho esi sakhiwo sakhiwa.

Ngokwahlukeneyo, zefashoni edume lwezakhiwo uyakwazi ukunika imizekelo eziphathekayo:

• Empire - "INqaba Lwabasebenzi Jikelele" eSt Petersburg Ibhotwe Square (1819 - 1829), ngokomakhi uCarlo Rossi;
• classicism - "uBathathu Emnye Cathedral Alexander Nevsky Monastery" (1776 - 1790), umakhi endala. St. Petersburg;
• Zwe - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), ngokomakhi sokuwa, Ekaterinburg;
• Yobuciko - "Stroganov Palace" eSt Petersburg, kwi Nevsky Ithemba (1752 - 1754), umakhi Rastrelli;
• Yase - I Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" e Florence (1417 - 1436), umakhi Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "House of the Singer" eSt Petereburge (1902 - 1904), umakhi Suzor.

Imizekelo lwezakhiwo ingqina kuphuhliso lweendidi ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

nebonisa ukuba uzicingela izakhiwo yanamhlanje

Namhlanje, ihlabathi liye labazobi ngokwaneleyo lokudala ajongene ngemizobo ultramodern. Ezinye iiprojekthi umlinganiswa kuphela ngevangeli, kodwa kukho abo na ukuba kuthiwe wokuqala. Ngokomzekelo, eJapan, esamkelwayo ekhaya kwi iibhola. Njengoko ilizwe ilanga eliphumayo inyikima, abakhi Japanese ukubekela izindlu kwi iibhola ezinkulu ezenziwe ngezinto ixesha elide kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha indlu inyikima nje iqalisa swing, ukuhla umothuko wamva akakwazi ukwenza nayiphi na imbi kuye.

Kukho izakhiwo yantlandlolo, leyo zibangelwa design imibono yoyilo. Isixeko odumileyo Spanish of Barcelona, nto leyo ngokufanelekileyo uhamba phambili kwihlabathi kwenani izakhiwo yokuqala, abakhi ndikudalile omnye umsebenzi wobugcisa. Le ndlu, wenze "ngamahla ndinyuka". Isakhiwo imi phezu kwendlu kunye nabakhenkethi zayo akuthandayo ezingaqhelekanga.