Khokhloma - yintoni na? Khokhloma: imifanekiso, iipateni, picture

Khokhloma - yintoni na? Okokuqala, kuyinto yamandulo Russian iintsomi wobugcisa. Khokhloma ukupeyinta, iGolden Khokhloma, a ezinawo enkulu kwenkcubeko Russian. Isimboli zipeyintwe indlela "Khokhloma" i somlilo Firebird, enhle umlinganiswa. Ikomkhulu lokuloba - isixeko bake, akhiwe ukuya kumantla Nizhny Novgorod. Ngokungafaniyo imveliso Gzhelian ubugcisa, nesidibanisa iidolophu 27 imizana "etyholweni" Khokhloma iye becala endaweni enye. Ngoko ke, uphuhliso kwayo elide ngokwaneleyo. ukuloba ingxenye Artistic naye ixabiso njengoko amagcisa abanetalente akuxhaphakanga, noqeqesho, njengoko hlobo, akunjalo.

History of the Golden Khokhloma

Art craft Khokhloma iingcambu zawo ngenkulungwane ye-17 emva kwexesha, ngexesha lokuntshula ngokukhawuleza yokudweba icon. ixesha ukuhlala Novgorod izisa Nabo Old, abangazange ukwamkela utshintsho ibandla uBhishophu Nikon, ehambelana ukuvela iindlela ezintsha icons gilding. Kungenxa kummandla Nizhny Novgorod, iilali baye bafunda ukuba bapeyinte icon ngegolide, kodwa ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa metal anqabileyo. imivuzo zomthi icons ezicujiweyo yesilivere ichatshazelweyo eluthulini, yaye emva koko kugalelwe ioli linseed kwaye ibekwe kwi-oveni. Silver coating ngokungummangaliso similise Ngobumhlophe bokubengezela igolide. ngelo xesha ubuchwepheshe zange ukunika indlela ezongezelelweyo ukulungiselela inkqubo, yonke into yayisenziwa ngezandla. thile Ezinye amagcisa ukuzivumelanisa, ceba izixhobo elula ukunceda, kodwa ngokubanzi, Khokhloma epeyinta kuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo kuphela umsebenzi wezandla. Imisebenzi ephambili kwimveliso baba sakujika, efuna iziqinisekiso ezithile. Okusilelayo ke ngomshini inkosi mnye, lulungele wawatshisela kwabanye, kunye nabanye zaveza. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko, inzame yentsebenziswano phakathi iziphumo ezilungileyo, kunye nemveliso yachuma.

Ukuvela art eliphezulu

Ngoko iVolga kwakukho Khokhloma ngegolide-vali. Ukususela icons ngokukhawuleza nizitshintshele imveliso tableware eyenziwe ngomthi wambu pattern ngegolide. Silver wayengekho ngokwaneleyo, yaye zathathelwa indawo yi etotini. Amanani zange mbi, phezu koko, epeyinta Mat amanene ezifunyenwe kwaye emva kokuba ipolishi ipeyinti waqala ukubengezela njengelanga. Bake amagcisa ziye ndawonye sokubambisana, epeyinta "Khokhloma" uye waziwa kakuhle ngaphaya kwemida yephondo Nizhny Novgorod. Omnye emva komnye kwafika abarhwebi, iinkosi wayalela waziqaba impahla yeplanga amaqela amakhulu, nokuloba baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza.

Ekuqaleni oqingqiweyo evela Linden ulipeyinte Khokhloma iipateni amacephe iinkamba. inzala Nombulelo nokuba wamisa lesikhumbuzo ukuya Semyon-Lozhkarev njenge imbeko iinkosi kunye namagcisa ngayo ixesha. Zobuciko basebenza ubusuku, Nizhny Novgorod izitya kwaziswa kwaye wathengisa ngempumelelo kwindawo kwimarike omkhulu Macarius, mboniso idumileyo Russian. izitya Ingeniso eMoscow. Kwikomkhulu Russian, ngoxa rhoqo eyenziwa ngabameli abavela kwamanye amazwe kwiklasi zabarhwebi, amaJamani, amaNgesi franzuzy. Ngoko nangoko waphawula imveliso Khokhloma engaqhelekanga.

Khokhloma - yintoni ukusuka kwinqanaba umbono uluntu lwehlabathi?

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19 Khokhloma ukupeyinta kwi izitya, ifanitshala kunye nempahla beza ukuba balibhengeza. World leMiboniso e Paris, esenzeka ngowe-1889, kwavula indlela Golden Khokhloma ehlabathini lonke. Khokhloma ukupeyinta waya yokuthumela loqukuqelo ebanzi. Markets e Western Yurophu, mpuma Asia, India, China, yaye kamva eMntla Melika ilizwekazi iimpahla ezazithengiswa bezandla abantu Russian.

imfuno High ukwenzela imveliso ngaphaya iinkosi iVolga waba isivuseleli olunye uphuhliso Golden Khokhloma. uluhlu imveliso rose izihlandlo ezininzi, ukongeza neenkamba wenza izitya kunye iipleyiti, imiphanda, Krynki nobobulawu, okanye izihlukuhli ityuwa, ezahlukeneyo postavtsa, iiglasi neekomityi. Kakhulu kwi West, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Bratina - izitya omkhulu ngokohlobo iphenyane kunye emele elinesibini. Igama uthetha ukuba ngokwayo, ezilungiselelwe isidlo emaqandeni le mpahla. Zemikhosi isihloko sasihamba iimveliso Khokhloma. Kwaye kukho umthombo obungapheliyo lwezifundo kunye nemixholo kubo - oko lonke Russia. Khokhloma ke kwakunxibelelene kunye kanye umthombo, kunye nembali yayo.

Neenkamba, hayi kuphela

Ukongeza cookware, ngeebhetshi amakhulu avelisa impahla yendlu: iibhokisi, iibhokisi zaso, ezincinane izinto ifanitshala, kwindawo ephantsi kophahla, iikhabhathi, iitafile nezitulo. Golden Khokhloma odwa, kubalulekile kubiza kakhulu, kodwa ke ixabiso asizidini nabani. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 Khokhloma kuba ziindleko ezinkulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba imveliso yazo kakhulu nzima ngakumbi. Kwakukho uyilo seentyatyambo salo, eqhubekileyo izithethe zooyise, kodwa kwangaxeshanye Waqhuba uhlobo yendalo ezizodwa zobugcisa zokubhala, eyahluke Khokhloma. Umfanekiso ezithathwe ngaloo mihla amagcisa, abathanda, imizobo kunye nomzobo ukuxhasa ukuqulunqwa kwezinto ezintsha kubugcisa Khokhloma ukupeyinta.

iimveliso Khokhloma ekwandiseni kakhulu zabo sele zipeyintwe ngendlela "Kudrin", kunye ngamagqabi ngegolide iintyatyambo indlela inani le headscarf nemazi, xa nezidanga ubunjwe amaqhekeza eziliqela ukuba bahlanganisane umfanekiso omnye. Enye amanani ezininzi iziqu Kokhloma waba "njengohlaza," yaye kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwinkulungwane yama-20, amagcisa udale "Hohloma yokuhombisa". Ngoko lohlobo olungagqibekangaName. Indlela Umbala ndlela nzima, nangemivumbo aselula, baya kubhunga abazifumene imiqondiso ngokuqiniseka. style Art ebizwa "Khokhloma", imifanekiso kunye nomzobo leyo it qinisekisa uphuhliso yayo okuqhubekayo. Ngelo xesha kumbindi eRashiya yaqala ukubonakala iintlobo zobugcisa, ezifana Khokhloma ukupeyinta, miniatures Fedoskino kunye neengcedevu Zhostov. Ekuhambeni kwexesha efunyenwe Gzhel iifektri ekuveliseni tableware yodongwe, leyo ngokukhawuleza yaba othandwayo Khokhloma iinkuni. yezandla Russian sobuciko ziye ngempumelelo, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - oku uluhlu olupheleleyo yezandla ukuba ezinokufaniswa buciko eliphezulu.

izixhobo

Khokhloma art - zako yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya ubuqili ezininzi zobugcisa. Akwanelanga ukuba ukupeyinta imveliso echanekileyo - imilo kunye parameters nazo ukwenza izinto ngokugqibeleleyo. ifomu ukuba inkosi wagqiba ukugawula imithi ngohlobo dada Bratina ulipeyinte kwi indlela le Khokhloma yegolide, ukuba sifunyenwe kakhulu kufuneka ukuba awaphinde onke nondiliseko yintaka entle, yaye intamo kufuneka inene, oko koba "dada" ukugoba, leyo siyigcine kwindalo.

Khokhloma - yintoni ukusuka kwindawo zobugcisa mbono? Ngokuhambelana ulawulo sokunyaniseka imveliso, ukuthobela kwayo izimiso ezithile kwinqanaba kakhulu, iingcali ze JSC "Khokhloma Umzobo" bayizisa umgangatho ifomula kwemveliso, leyo idale isiseko imveliso iimveliso Kokhloma. Ngoko ke, zonke iinkqubo yenkampani abawuthobeli neemfuno yemarike, ushukumisa ngobuninzi, yaye imithetho ye-bume ubugcisa, umthengi ebomini, ukuba incasa. Lo isikhokelo-nkqubo sele umna iziqhamo, imiyalelo baqalisa ukuya kufika bevela ezivenkileni neegalari zobugcisa wodumo zokuzilungisa.

Inkqubo yokwenza izinto zobugcisa isimbo Khokhloma - yinkqubo chain ezintsonkothileyo. Wood isetyenziswa amaplanga kuphela, nokuba kukhethwe Linden, zombini novelwano yaye uninzi izinto ductile. Material kudlula inyathelo yokomisa zendalo phandle unyaka omnye, uze emva koko ufake kwi Comley okusilelayo entlahleni, emva-yomile kangangezinye iinyanga ezintathu. Emva koko, lo iinkuni sele ilungele ukuba machining kwi lathes. iziqwenga ekhethiweyo ukuba nokuveliswa oonodoli, zitsha ezinkulu ngomshini evela lwamawa okuqinileyo. Kuba amacephe iinkamba ezifanelekileyo imithi ethambileyo inxenye, kulula noko ukukrola akafuni ukuzivula.

Eqingqiweyo ndinqumle okusilelayo zibizwa ngokuba "zelinen" ngaphambi umzobo yi "yangaphantsi" yomile kwakhona kubushushu ngeedegree ezimalunga ne-100. Emva koko, manqaku lulungele kwaye kwakhona kwixesha lolayisho eziko ngama-120. Ke workpiece na emhlabeni, chipped kunye imingxuma phezu shpaklyuyut komhlaba wawutyabeka kunye maleko ubhityileyo ivanishi. Ngaphambi kokuba epheleleyo wokwaphusa preform camera nomgubo aluminiyam kwaye triturated ukuze yonke umphezulu lowo camera ngokufanayo. Ngaphezu koko, isilivere-frosted iikomityi, neenkamba, iisosi, zitsha nezitya beze amagcisa ukuba kokugqiba - ukupeyinta art Khokhloma.

Emva ukupeyinta imveliso izihlandlo ezithathu lacquered kunye ukufudumeza enxibelelanisayo degrees 130. Kulo mzekelo, ukutyabeka aluminiyam unenxaxheba nombala segolide, imveliso ilungele ezingxobeni ukuthunyelwa.

iintlobo yokudweba

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 Khokhloma ukupeyinta ifikelele incopho yawo, imfuno iimveliso zobugcisa bonke wande, kunye iinkosi Nizhny Novgorod gama sele phezu ubuchule bakhe. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, benze iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili yokudweba Golden Khokhloma - "ihashe" yaye "ngasemva".

Khokhloma, iipateni ezo zipeyintwe ngokwendlela 'seHashe "ukupeyinta, ukuba umzobo yentsimi segolide, wabulawa imibala emnyama kunye obomvu. Le artist uzoba ipateni enemingxuma omhle nemivumbo, silandela nayiphi na enye ngeendlela ezilandelayo:

• "Gingerbread" - umfanekiso isitayile kwelanga, abhijelwe enembonakalo zejometri, isikwere, idayimani okanye isangqa cut. Le ndlela ekuqaleni elula emehlweni, kodwa kwisangqa solar, yabakho-curls reyi jonga zange ningazikrazuli, ngoko ngokulungelelanisiweyo idityaniswe isikhanyiso esikhulu ezingqonge isakhelo.
• "Travnik" - njengezivatho esintu, iphatheni okanye sedge engcotyeni ingca unxweme.
• "Igqabi, nequnube" - ayiqabe emaninzi amagqabi kunye namaqunube, iintyatyambo kunye neziqu, zingumtya nethunga zodonga omnye nomnye.

Mu kuya kwa nshita "ihashe", Khokhloma, apho iiphatheni ezifakwe igolide ngokusekelwe zibomvu okanye zimnyama, kwakusithiwa "ngasemva." Iindidi kakhulu umdla lwemizobo kwisiqalo yi "Kudrin", nto leyo umfanekiso isitayile amagqabi neentyatyambo. curls Ukuphinda Kudrevatov, ajike abe iipatheni entsonkothileyo, iintyatyambo, namahlamvu, nazo zonke iintlobo namaqunube, igadi kunye ihlathi. Le ndlela yokudweba kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukusetyenziswa liphela ngokuzoba imigca nentaba, buyanceda bahamba iinxalenye ngamnye.

Catalogs

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-20 waqalisa nokumisa Khokhloma ukupeyinta, eziprintiweyo abalawuli kunye mbelukazi kakhulu umdla, neyona bawongwa isatifikethi. Imisebenzi yenkosi amagcisa indlela "Khokhloma", iifoto kunye nemizobo leyo ipapashwe koonondaba, baba nxaxheba ezahlukeneyo zokhuphiswano kunye nemiboniso. Ababhali wena iimveliso bafumana amabhaso kunye amabhaso abanama-. On ibonisa ezinjalo wonke umntu akwazi ukuthenga imveliso eyenziweyo indlela ubugcisa ebizwa ngokuba "Khokhloma". Photo kwiimemori kunye wizard umenzi kwenza ngoko nangoko. Kangangexesha elide emva koko yinto entle lacquered umkholise inkosi yakhe.

Khokhloma amehlo omntwana

Abancinane eziguqulweyo, iigadi nursery kunye nakumaxesha Soviet, wafumana ifanitshala, eyenziwe indlela Khokhloma womzobo. Kwaye nangona oku isimbo yokuluka ibisoloko ingqalelo "abadala" abantwana ngempela onke etafileni, ayiqabe igcisa. Kakade ke, yayingeyiyo-mveliso ifanitshala ngesandla eyenziwe, iimveliso waziqaba, ngenxa yoshicilelo screen. Kodwa umbono zobugcisa ophezulu Khokhloma ukupeyinta wayekho, yaye endithandile abantwana. Kunye abantwana nabazali bonwabile. Ngaloo ndlela, abantwana Khokhloma kwakukubi akukho ngaphezu "abadala".

Umxholo for izincoko zesikolo

Iiprogram zoqeqesho zahlukene. Khokhloma - yintoni na indawo notitshala ngayo? Xa izikolo eMoscow kunye nommandla eMoscow, ngokunjalo nakwezinye izixeko Russian kwinkqubo yoqeqesho kumxholo yobugcisa intsomi Russian kunye nokuchwela, apho kwindawo yokuqala ubugcisa Khokhloma womzobo. imbali yalo ende edumileyo ehlabathini yabafundi ukwenzela ukuba baveze izimvo zabo, silubonakalise ephepheni kwaye ufumane ingqikelelo. Kunokuba isincoko lonke kwisihloko okanye ibali elifutshane. Khokhloma nokuzoba gqolo ukuphuhlisa ngempumelelo, ifanelwe bamphetheyo ingqalelo-school. Noko ke, kwiiklasi asezantsi, nathi, ungakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo.

Khokhloma kwi ingoma uhlobo

art omhle amaninzi zidityaniswa nezinye iindidi ingqondo yemveli. Art Khokhloma ukupeyinta kungekho ngaphandle. Le ngoma "Khokhloma" iphumelele udumo. enza yakhe iimvumi imvumi, iikwayala kunye neemvumi ngamnye. Beautiful uncuthu lwengoma, imibongo ezinqwenelwa, kakhulu, esibhaliweyo esivela entliziyweni. Kwindibano Eurovision Ingoma "Khokhloma" ayikho nje yindawo uzuko.