Imikhosi ngezikhali. Imbali imikhosi ngezikhali. imikhosi imizili Russian

Imijukujelwa njengoko izixhobo kuyaziwa iintlanga ezininzi, wazimisa kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kukholelwa ukuba Wafika phambi nemipu umphanda. Ngoko ke, lo jikelele Russian obalaseleyo kananjalo Isazinzulu K. I. Konstantinov wabhala ukuba kunye wayila koombayimbayi weza ukusetyenziswa, kunye imijukujelwa. Zisetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo apho kusetyenziswa kwazo. Khona ukuba basebenzise iinjongo zomkhosi, ngoko, kuba le wadala imikhosi imizili okhethekileyo. Eli nqaku igxininisa ukuvela kunye nophuhliso uhlobo wathi isixhobo, ukususela izitakantlantsi yokuhamba isithuba.

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Ngokutsho imbali esemthethweni, kokwenziwa lwasungulwa China malunga AD ngenkulungwane ye-11. Nangona kunjalo kom- amaTshayina musa ukuza ngayo nantoni na ngaphezu ukuzisebenzisela ukugcwalisa fireworks. Kwaye ngoku, emva kweenkulungwane ambalwa "bakhanyiselwa" baseYurophu udale wompu iresiphi enamandla ngakumbi yaye ngoko nangoko wafumana ukusetyenziswa kuba chic: .. Firearms, iziqhushumbisi, njl Kulungile, kuyishiya mbali kwingxelo yesazela. Wena kunye nam e China yamandulo, kutheni bathi nantoni na ukuba nawe. Niya kuthini na ke imithombo ebhaliweyo ukusetyenziswa lokuqala imijukujelwa emkhosini?

Lo Mqulu yomkhosi Russian (1607-1621) njengoko ubungqina obubhaliweyo

Inyaniso yokuba eRashiya eYurophu, emkhosini waba ulwazi malunga imveliso, isixhobo, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa umqondiso, imijukujelwa sigade kunye kweenkantsi, usixelela ukuba "Charter bokulwa, kunaso kunye namanye amatyala anxulumene kwinzululwazi emkhosini." Le nto ndiyibhalayo amanqaku 663 kunye nemimiselo ezikhethiweyo iincwadi yomkhosi amazwe. Oko kukuthi, olu xwebhu liyakuqinisekisa ukuba khona zikhali imikhosi Europe neRashiya, kodwa akukho kukho ukukhankanya ukusebenzisa ngqo kuyo nayiphi na imfazwe. Noko ke, oko kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba abazisebenzisa, nje befika ezandleni emkhosini.

Kule ndlela anameva ...

Nangona ukungaqondi kunye nokoyika nantoni na amagosa amatsha emkhosini, imikhosi enomjukujelwa Russian abe ngomnye kwamasebe aphambili nkonzo. umkhosi Modern Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ngaphandle rocket. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yophuhliso wabo nzima kakhulu.

Ngokusesikweni, umkhosi Russian wathabatha uphawu lokuqala (ukukhanyisa) imijukujelwa ngo-1717. Emva phantse kwiminyaka elikhulu, ngo-1814-1817 GG., Isazinzulu Military AI Kartmazov wafuna ingqalelo evela kumagosa kuliwe imijukujelwa aphakamileyo neziqhushumbisi kunye sigade (2, 2.5 no 3.6 intshi) ababezenzele yona. Baye uluhlu ngohambo km 1.5-3. Sebenzisa yaye ayizange yamkelwe.

Ngowe-1815-1817 gg. zokudubula Russian AD Zasyadko kwakhona qulunqa a iimbumbulu efanayo live, kwaye, kananjalo, musa ungaphoswa amagosa omkhosi. Ukuzama yenziwa ngo-1823-1825 gg. Emva utyando ezininzi Ministry of War, ingcamango sele samkelwe, yeza umkhosi Russian imijukujelwa yokuqala (2, 2.5, 3 no-4-intshi). Flight kude 1-2,7 km.

Le kwekhulu okulwa 19

Ngowe-1826 iqala imveliso mass ngezikrweqe bathi. Ukwenza oku eSt Petersburg wadala iziko rocket yokuqala. Ngo-Epreli kunyaka olandelayo wabumba inkampani irula yokuqala (ngo-1831 kwathiwa igama kungena ibhetri). Le yunithi combat elungiselelwe intsebenziswano kunye amahashe kunye nomkhosi. Kodwa kulo mcimbi kunye nembali esemthethweni imikhosi kwilizwe lethu ngezikhali.

ubhaptizo lomlilo

Kuba ngqa imikhosi enomjukujelwa Russian zazisetyenziswa Agasti 1827 eCaucasus ngexesha lemfazwe Russian-Iranian (1826-1828.). Emva konyaka, ngexesha imfazwe eTurkey, isilinganiso umyalelo kwi wayethimba Varna wenziwa. Ngenxa yoko, kweli phulo ka 1828 ngo-1191 umjukujelwa yagxothwa, apho 380 no 811 ukuphakama-umonakalo sigade. Ukususela ngoko, imikhosi enomjukujelwa zidlala indima enkulu na iimfazwe zomkhosi.

injineli Military K. A. Shilder

Le ndoda unekhono 1834 yaqulunqa uyilo yasinyusayo imijukujelwa zibe kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso. isixhobo kwakhe ezilungiselelwe sungula enomjukujelwa komhlaba, kuye endithobele uhlobo guide ityhubhu. Noko ke, inkqubela akayekanga Schilder. Waba imijukujelwa ukususela oluphuculweyo Uyadubula. Ukongeza, i-yokuqala ehlabathini yena elektrozapaly isicelo phemba amafutha okuqinileyo. Kwakhona ngo-1834, unyaka Schilder wayila kwaye ihlolwe zomphunga yokuqala enomjukujelwa-carrying inkwili ehlabathini. He sungula izikhephe kufakelo sungula enomjukujelwa kunye komhlaba kunye nemeko kwamanzi. Njengoko ubona, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 uphawuleka kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwezi olu hlobo izixhobo.

ULieutenant General K. I. Konstantinov

Ngowe-1840-1860 gg. negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwezixhobo enomjukujelwa, kwakunye kwithiyori yayo ukusetyenziswa yokulwa wenza ummeli esikolweni zokudubula Russian, umsunguli kunye Isazinzulu K. I. Konstantinov. umsebenzi wakhe yesayensi, yena yaguqula rocket, ukuze oomatshini Russian othathe indawo eziphambili ehlabathini. Waba izisekelo nemiba zovavanyo, iindlela zobunzululwazi yokwakha olu hlobo izixhobo. A Inani kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ukuze kugqitywe umsebenzi wokuhlolwa. Le Isazinzulu wenza ngumsunguli ebaleni imijukujelwa mveliso, ukuya ngobuninzi-isivuno. Uye wenza umahluko omkhulu kakhulu ubutyebi nokhuseleko inkqubo uzobe olwenziwe ukuvelisa izixhobo.

Konstantinov liqulunqe izindululi rocket enamandla ngakumbi kwaye umatshini kubo. Ngenxa yoko, uluhlu ubuninzi 5.3 km. koomatshini Ukuqalisa ziye ngakumbi portable device, elula egqibeleleyo, zibonelela ukuchaneka ophezulu kunye nezinga lomlilo, ingakumbi iintaba. Ngowe ngo1856, isityalo enomjukujelwa yayiyilwe Konstantinov e Nikolaev.

YamaSilamsi wenze umsebenzi wakhe

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, abantu enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula wenza kwakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu phambili kuphuhliso kunye nokusasazwa. Umzekelo, imijukujelwa wamajoni bafakwa inkonzo kuzo zonke izithili zomkhosi. Kwakungekho noweenqanawa zokulwa elinye kunye nesiseko yomkhosi wamanzi, apho eyayifudula amajoni ngezikhali. Baye ababandakanyeka ngqo kule mpi entsimini, yaye nasekuxinweni Isiphango yaseYiputa, njalo njalo. D. Noko ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 imijukujelwa into enasilela ngayo inkqubela kunaso zokudubula, ingakumbi emva kokuvela ixesha elide ziphangwe imipu. Kwaye emva koko beza 1890. Yena ngokugqibeleleyo imikhosi enomjukujelwa: olu hlobo isixhobo sirhoxisiwe kwi emarikeni ehlabathini lonke.

Jet basafunda: njenge Phoenix ...

Nangona ukwala imikhosi yomkhosi enomjukujelwa, izazinzulu baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo kule hlobo izixhobo. Ngoko ke, MM Pomortsev ecetywayo izisombululo ezintsha malunga bendyebo Umgama ngomoya nokuchaneka. I. V. Volovsky iphuhlise ngexabiso batshintshana uhlobo moya multi-barreled kunye izindululi ezisekelwe emhlabeni. NV Gerasimov eyenzelwe ukulwa moya kunoogxa okuqinileyo.

Xihinga eziphambili kuphuhliso kule ndlela yaba yokusilela isakhiwo sethiyori. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, iqela izazinzulu Russian kwi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni 20 baqhuba umsebenzi yemidlalo waza wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwithiyori jet basafunda. Noko ke, umseki ingcamango elidityanisiweyo zabafaki ngexabiso kunye nesithuba waba K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Le Isazinzulu abemi ukususela 1883, yaye de ngemihla yokugqibela yobomi bakhe usebenza isisombululo iingxaki ngexabiso kunye nendawo moya. Ukuba zisonjululwe kwimiba ezinkulu thiyori jet basafunda.

Umsebenzi obonisa zezazinzulu ezininzi Russian wamnika umfutho omtsha kuphuhliso ezi zixhobo, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ubomi obutsha kule imikhosi ubudala. Nkqu namhlanje imikhosi isithuba lizwe lethu enxulumene kunye namagama amanani abadumileyo - Tsiolkovsky noKumkanikazi.

Soviet Russia

Emva kokuba revolution, umsebenzi wayeka phezu imijukujelwa bengazange, njengaku-1933, Jet Research Institute nokusetha phezulu eMoscow. Libizwa yenzelwe zizazinzulu Soviet ballistic imijukujelwa imikhumbi kunye raketoplanery zovavanyo. Ukongeza, i kuphuhliswa imijukujelwa eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye izindululi kubo. Oku kuquka leyo kamva waba edume ukulwa isithuthi BM-13 "Katyusha". In RNII yenza inani obafunyanwa. A complex iiyunithi iiprojekthi, izixhobo, kunye neenkqubo ezafumana kamva esetyenziswa kubunjineli irula.

IMfazwe Enkulu Yobuzwe

"Katyusha" uye waba iinkqubo yokuqala ehlabathini sungula rocket ezininzi. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukudalwa kulo matshini negalelo kut- imikhosi imizili ekhethekileyo. Ngu ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukulwa isithuthi BM-13 ezifakwa inkonzo. imeko enzima ezazikho ngo-1941, ifuna longeno ekhawulezileyo isikhali entsha. ngokutsha Industrial iye yenziwa ngexesha nje elifutshane. Kwaye ku Agasti, ekuvelisweni kwale hlobo kwezixhobo babandakanywe ngo-214 mveliso. Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, semkhosini ziye kwakhona oluyilwe imikhosi enomjukujelwa, kodwa ebudeni bemfazwe babebizwa iiyunithi ngodaka Guards, yaye, emva koko, ukuba namhlanje - zokudubula lovukelo.

isithuthi Ukulwa BM-13 "Katyusha"

Okokuqala GMCH yahlulwe iiphaneli amaqela. Ngenxa yoko, ibhetri enomjukujelwa yokuqala, olu sapho lwaluquka izityalo pilot 7 kunye nezixa ezincinane emthethweni, phantsi ngokomlomo Captain Flerov kwasekwa zingadlulanga iintsuku ezintathu no-2 Julayi swi nga Front Koloni. Kwaye kakade Julayi 14 "Katyusha" yamgxotha imvula wakhe wokuqala Idabi Orsha kwisikhululo sikaloliwe (ukulwa isithuthi BM-13 eboniswe kwifoto).

imikhosi enomjukujelwa in bt wambetha ngesibetho enamandla ngexesha elifanayo zokudubula 112 lukhule. Ngenxa yoko, phezu isikhululo livuthayo kukhanya: iimbumbulu liqhuma, avuthayo oololiwe. Firestorm itshatyalalisiwe kwaye utshaba lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu kunye nezixhobo emkhosini. Alwayo ukusebenza imijukujelwa zangaphaya kobesikulindele. Ebudeni beminyaka yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kwakukho uvale ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso zobugcisa jet, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda elibalulekileyo GMCH. Ekupheleni imikhosi enomjukujelwa imfazwe ibe ngamaqela 40 ngamnye, 115 regiments, imikhosi 40 ezazinemidla kunye namacandelo-7 - kuzo zonke 519 amaqela.

Ukuba ufuna uxolo - kuxhobela imfazwe

Emva kwemfazwe, irula zokudubula waqhubeka ekhula - anda uluhlu, ukuchaneka yomlilo kunye namandla imvula. izizukulwana yonke ziye zadalwa yiSoviet zomkhosi ezintsonkothileyo umphanda-40 MLRS-122 mm "Grad" yaye "Prima", 16-barreled-220 mm MLRS "Isichotho" ukuqinisekisa ngokoyiswa iithagethi kumgama km 35. Ngowe-1987, oko kwayilwa umphanda-12-300 mm MLRS ehlala ihleli "Smerch", nto leyo unanamhla ongenayo analogue ehlabathini. Uluhlu ukoyiswa injongo yale ufakelo km 70 kude. Ukongeza, i-Army wafumana iinkqubo ezithile, yamacebo anti-netanki.

izixhobo ezintsha

Kule 50 zenkulungwane lokugqibela qheke yongungelwano enomjukujelwa kumacala ahlukeneyo. Kodwa irula zokudubula wahlala indawo yayo kwaye namhlanje. iintlobo ezintsha zadalwa - oku imikhosi kunye nemikhosi qhinga anti-ngezikhali. Ezi iiyunithi ngokuqinileyo phezu komhlaba, elwandle, ngaphantsi kwamanzi kunye emoyeni. Ngoko ke, amajoni enomjukujelwa anti-inqwelomoya njengoko uhlobo olwahlukileyo umkhosi zimelwe kwizikrweqe, kodwa iiyunithi ezikhoyo Navy. Kunye nokudalwa izixhobo zenyukliya kwavela umbuzo engundoqo: indlela ukuhambisa sentlawulo khona? Kwi-USSR, ukhetho senziwa egameni umjukujelwa, ngenxa yoko kwakukho imikhosi Rocket Strategic.

Amanqanaba yophuhliso Strategic Missile Forces

1. 1959-1965 ,. - indalo, nokusasazwa, zokusingatha kwi enjalo siphaphile imijukujelwa weave, ekwaziyo yokusombulula ingxaki eziluhlobo zesicwangciso ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo yomkhosi ngokwezelizwe. Ngowe-1962, i-Strategic Missile Forces wathabatha inxaxheba kwi "Anadyr" usebenze kanzima, ezibangela Cuba babekwa ngasese imijukujelwa eliphakathi-kuluhlu.
2. 1965-1973 gg. - kufakwa ICBMs sizukulwana yesibini. Inguqu Strategic Missile Forces kwicandelo engundoqo imikhosi zenyukliya USSR.
3. 1973-1985 gg. - izixhobo RVSN isizukulwana sesithathu imijukujelwa kunye warhead separable ngeebhloko ukhokelo ngamnye.
4. Ngowe-1985-1991. - kubulawe imijukujelwa eziphakathi-uluhlu kunye nezixhobo RVNS iinkqubo nakwesesine isizukulwana.
5. Ngowe-1992-1995. - isiphelo ICBMs ukusuka Ukraine, Belarus kunye Kazakhstan. Wabumba Russian Strategic Missile Forces.
6. Of 1996-2000. - ukuqaliswa umjukujelwa yesihlanu-isizukulwana "Topol-M". Ukudibanisa i Military Space Forces, Strategic Missile Forces kunye Missile kunye Space Defense.
7. 2001 - RVSN ezitshintshelwa 2 omkhosi - i-qhinga Missile Forces kunye Space Forces.

isiphelo

Inkqubo yophuhliso kunye nokusekwa imikhosi enomjukujelwa kunokuba owahlukeneyo. Kuye nezinto ndinyuka, kwaye nkqu nokuphelisa okupheleleyo "enomjukujelwa" kwi ezintlwini kwehlabathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Noko ke, irula, ngathi phoenix unyuka eluthuthwini Second World War kwaye ligxile kwi kwisakhiwo emkhosini.

Kwaye nangona yokuba kwiminyaka engama-70 edlulileyo, imikhosi enomjukujelwa aye utshintsho kubume bombutho, iintlobo, iindlela zabo ukusetyenziswa yokulwa, ukuba sisoloko sigcina indima linokuchazwa nje amagama ambalwa: ukuba kukuthintele nxamnye uchuku sethu lizwe. ERashiya, Novemba 19 uthathwa ukuba imini ngobuchule amajoni enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula. Olu suku yavunywa yi inombolo Ndiwise kaMongameli 549 ka-31.05.2006 nyaka. Ekunene kwifoto ibonisa ngumfuziselo imikhosi imizili Russian.