Izwe lase-Eritrea: inkcazo emfutshane, iimpawu kunye namaqiniso anomdla

Ilizwe lase-Afrika lase-Eritrea lisecaleni lasentshonalanga yePhondo le-Afrika, kummandla ofudumele nolumileyo woLwandle Olubomvu, igama lesiGrike elifumana igama layo kwii-colonial zase-Italy. Nangona kwintsimi encinane, ilizwe lifikelela kwimida emithathu, linommandla oselunxwemeni olude kwaye luneziqithi ezininzi elwandle.

Inkalo yemiphakathi yasendulo

Kwintsimi ye-Eritrea yanamhlanje, kwakukho iziza ezifunyenwe ngaphambili, eziphethe isakhiwo samathambo afana nabantu banamhlanje.

Imozulu ebomileyo kule mimandla yenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana ubungqina obuninzi bokuba khona kwabantu basendulo kwiphondo lo-Afrika. Akunjalo kuphela ama-fossils asele kwiindawo ze-Neolithic, kodwa nemifanekiso emininzi emaphandleni.

Ngaphandle kolwandle oluLwandle oluBomvu, amaqela ngamazwe ngamaqela abaphandi ahlala efumana izixhobo zabantu basekuqaleni ababezisebenzisayo ukukhupha izixhobo zasemanzini, njengama-mollusks kunye namaqoqo abo, kunye nokuloba ngokusebenzisa iinqanda zokuloba.

Ukongezelela, ezinye iilwimi zikholelwa ukuba iilwimi zaseAfro-Asia zanamhlanje zenza uokhokho lwabo kwiilwimi ezavela kuqala kwintsimi yePhondo le-Afrika.

Ubungqina Bokuqala Bama-Axum

Nangona i-Eritrea ingasikhumbuzi ngobukhulu bayo bobubungqina beli xesha, kodwa kunjalo linomlando ocebile kunye nexesha elide. Kwimihlaba ecaleni kolunxwemeni yoLwandle Olubomvu, ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuvela kobuKristu, kwakukho ilizwe elinenkcubeko ephakamileyo. Abemi bala mazwe baphiqiza izinto ezintle zezindlu, phakathi kwazo nazo zaziyimveliso yezobhedu, eninzi namhlanje kwiMyuziyam ye-Antiquities e-Eritrea.

Kwaye nangona kungekhona kuphela i-Eritrea, kodwa i-Ethiopia inqwenela ukuxhamla kunye nale nkcubeko, isixeko esikhulu kunazo zonke zobukumkani obudala sisese-Eritrea kwaye sibizwa ngokuba yiAxum.

Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye neengxaki zoluntu

Izwe lase-Eritrea libhekwa njengelinye lezona zihlelelekileyo kwilizwekazi laseAfrika. Oku kungenxa yentlekele yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko, apho ilizwe lingahlali khona iminyaka elishumi. Ukongezelela, kukho iingxaki ezinkulu kunye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngurhulumente.

Uninzi lwabantu abaqhelekileyo baseYurophu mhlawumbi abakwazi kakuhle apho ilizwe lase-Eritrea likhona, kodwa eli lizwe litsalisa ingqwalaselo ekufutshane yabameli bamazwe ngamazwe abajongene nemeko yamalungelo abantu. Kwaye ndimele ndithi namhlanje abaninzi abasemagunyeni bamalungelo oluntu basondele ekumangalela urhulumente weli lizwe lolwaphulo mthetho.

Okokuqala, i-UN igxeka ukubandakanyeka kwabantu abaninzi emkhosini. Ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezopolitiko okubangelwa yinkxwaleko yezopolitiko kunye nemfazwe yakutshanje kwimimandla ephikisanayo neTopiya, akukho phantse kulawulo kumda welizwe kweli lizwe, elivumela iinqunjwana ezahlukeneyo ukuba zidlulise umda ngeSudan, Ethiopia kunye ne-Djibouti. Amaqela e-Bandit athabatha abantwana kwimikhosi yemikhosi ngenjongo yokuwasebenzisa ngokuphanga nokuphanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuqashwa okunjalo kudibaniswa nogonyamelo olusapho lwabazali: ootata babulawa rhoqo, baphathwa kakubi kunye noomama nodade.

Umkhosi wase-Eritrea ungenye yezona zininzi eAfrika, kodwa ayithathwa njengento esebenzayo ngokwaneleyo. Ngokusemthethweni, inkonzo kufuneka ibanjwe ngamadoda kunye nabasetyhini iminyaka kunye nesiqingatha, kodwa, ngokwemibutho yabarhwebi ngaphandle kweeMida kunye neekomiti zamalungelo oluntu, inkonzo inokuhlala iminyaka emininzi okanye yonke into ebomini.

Nangona kunjalo, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ayengakwazi ukuchaphazela kakhulu imeko.

Inkulu yelizwe lase-Afrika lase-Eritrea

Isixeko sase-Asmara sinabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi abantu. Njengamanye amaninzi e-capitals, esi sixeko esikhulu kunazo zonke, esongezelelekileyo kwii-arhente karhulumente, ngokugxininisa i-capital capital yelizwe, ukuveliswa kwemveliso kunye nezixhobo zengqondo, kugxininiswe kwiyunivesithi nakumyuziyam.

Isixeko sisekude emanzini ukusuka kwindawo yezulu eshushu kwaye kungabi kushushu kakhulu ehlobo kwaye kubusika. Nangona kunjalo, njengalo lonke ilizwe lase- Eritrea, inkunzi inommandla onemvula encinane kwiinyanga ezintathu zasehlobo. Ngeli xesha, inani lemvula alidluli kwi-8 mm, apho kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa emoyeni kubangela imimiselo efunekayo yokudambisa isantya ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba umveliso osebenzayo kwezolimo kule mimandla awunakwenzeka.

Inkcubeko enkulu

Nangona kukho iingxabano ezinkulu phakathi kwama-Eritreans kunye namaTaliyane, amagunya ase-Italiya ase-Italy enza izinto ezintle kwi-Eritrea. Ngokukodwa babecala ngokukwakhiwa kweziseko zothutho kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemveliso. Inkunzi yelizwe lase-Afrika lase-Eritrea yiSixeko sase-Asmara, esilondoloze imisebenzi yaso ukususela ngexesha lolawulo lwase-Italy lwamaKoloni.

I-Asmera yamaxesha olawulo lwase-Italiya, ezininzi iingcali zakhiwo zithelekiswa neDaibra yemahla, apho abakhi bezakhiwo abaphelelwanga kuphela yindiza yabo yokucinga, kwaye urhulumente ulungele ukuxhasa iimvavanyo ezinzima kakhulu. Ukususela kumaxesha amahle i-cinema yokuqala kweli lizwe, indlu ye-opera kunye nokwakhiwa kwebhanki yelizwe yagcinwa. Kulo dolophu, uBenito Mussolini wayefuna ukuphinda abuyele kwikoloni efana neyobukumkani baseRoma.

Ngelishwa, ngeli xesha lokuzimela ngaphandle kwe-Italy, i-Eritrea yafumana imfazwe emininzi yempi, ngexesha loqoqosho lwamazwe lugqityiwe ngokupheleleyo. I-architecture ye-colonial ishicilelwe kakhulu.

Kodwa, nangona kukho iingxaki ezinzulu kwezoqoqosho, u-Asmara usebenza kwiYunivesithi yase-State kunye neCandelo lobuGcisa, apho abemi banokufumana imfundo yobugcisa kunye noluntu kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Inkunzi yelizwe lase-Eritrea ingaba ngumzi apho ukuhlaziywa koqoqosho lwelizwe kuza kuqala.

Ugunyaziso kunye nenkululeko ye-press

Izwe lase-Eritrea liyinkalo yemininzi yemibutho yamalungelo abantu. Esinye seziganeko ezichanekileyo kunye neentlonelo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu yimbali yentatheli uDavide Isaak. Lo mbhali-ntatheli, onobomi bobabili base-Eritrea neSweden, uchithe iminyaka eyi-15 ejele lase-Eritrea ngaphandle kwentlawulo kwaye engalindelanga isigqibo senkundla.

Eli bali laqala ngo-2001, xa u-Isaak, kunye nezinye iincwadana, bepapasha incwadi evulelekileyo ebhekiswe kubasemagunyeni kwaye bacela ukuthotyelwa komGaqo-siseko.

Ngokukhawuleza emva kwalolu shicilelo, ukubanjwa kwamatye enkqantosa ezasayine le leta zilandelwe, kwaye nangona imizamo yemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, akukho nto iyaziwa malunga nexesha elide lazo. Nangona kunjalo, uIsake wakhululwa kuphela ngo-2016, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu entolongweni. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, i-UNESCO yanquma ukumnika i-Guillermo Cano Prize, eyanikezelwa ngokunyaniseka nangokunyaniseka kwimisebenzi yeendaba.

Izwe lase-Eritrea: amaminerali

Kwizakhiwo zoqoqosho lwe-Eritrea, amaminerali awahlali kwindawo ebaluleke kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko okuthintela utyalo-mali.

Isabelo sezoqoqosho kwilizwe lelizwe alidluli kwi-29%, kwaye uninzi lwamashishini aphantsi kwimeko embi kakhulu okanye apheliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokubhekiselele kwizibonelelo zendalo, ezininzi zazo zikhishwe ngesandla kunye kwaye azichaphazeli ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwelizwe. Isabelo esibalulekileyo kumazwe angaphandle sithathwa nje ngetyuwa lolwandle, esuka kumanzi olwandle ngeteknoloji yokuphuphuma kwe-primitive.

Imfazwe nobutshaba njengemingcipheko yokukhula

Kuyo yonke imbali yayo yokuzimela, i-Eritrea yenze imfazwe nabamelwane bayo, ixhase imibutho yamaphekula esebenza kumazwe angummelwane, okanye igxininise ngabemi bayo.

Iimeko zangoku zoqoqosho lwase-Eritrea kunye noluntu luye lwaphunyezwa ngenxa yemfazwe engenangqiqo neTopiya, eyaqala ngo-1998 kwaye yaphela iminyaka emibili kamva.

Amashumi amawaka abantu abemi bobabini amazwe baba ngamaxhoba emfazwe. Amazwe omabini abandakanyeka ngabantwana kunye nabasetyhini kwimisebenzi yemikhosi, ngenxa yoko umda phakathi kwabantu abaxhobileyo kunye nabemi baphuhlisiwe, kwaye inani labangenacala babulala. Imfazwe yaphela ekunqothulweni kwe-Eritrea, kwaye i-UN yagqiba ukuhambisa inani elincinci lababonisi abaxhobileyo kwintsimi yelizwe.

Uqoqosho lwelizwe aluzange lufumaneke ukususela ngoko, i-elite yezopolitiko ixhamle kwiintlanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi, kwaye eYurophu inani lababaleki base-Eritrea, abaninzi babo baye bahamba umgama omngciphekweni wobomi, bahamba ngaphesheya kweMeditera baya kufikelela kwintsimi yeSouth European Amazwe, kodwa ikakhulukazi e-Italy.

Indima yoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ekuxazululeni inkathazo

Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luthumela inani elikhulu lokunceda abantu base-Eritrea, kodwa ngenxa yokuba, okokuqala, i-Eritrea yilizwe e-Afrika, ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kumazwe aseAfrika, ukuzinza kwemeko kuya kuba nzima. Nangona kunjalo, uRhulumente wase-Eritrea, ngokwemiqathango yamagosa ase-UN, akenzi imizamo efanelekileyo yokulungisa ubudlelwane nabamelwane bawo.

Ngokomzekelo, iingxelo zivela kurhulumente waseSomalia malunga nenkxaso ye-Eritrea kwintlangano yesigebengu yeNyunyana yeeNkundla zamaSilamsi, elwa noRhulumente waseSomalia waseSomalia. Kodwa ithemba lokuhlalisana ngokuthula kwamazwe angummelwane kusalondolozwa, kuba, njengamanye amazwe ehlabathini, i-Eritrea ilungu le-UN kwaye iyanyanzelekile ukuba ihambelane nezigqibo zamagosa ayo alawulayo.