Imbali ulwimi Mandarin Chinese kunye namajelo

China - a lizwe kunye inabantu abaninzi. Ngoku likhaya kubantu ngaphezulu kwezigidi-gidi. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto zikarhulumente basebenzisa iintlobo neziyelelane nezendawo. Nangona apha kukho kakhulu lulwimi olusemthethweni, nto leyo Lonakele kwiingingqi ezininzi. Kwakhona unalo iintlobo zomlomo nezibhaliweyo. Ngoko ke, sifunda namhlanje ukuba unento ofana ngolwimi isiMandarin kunye zesitrasi, kwakunye apho kwaye isetyenziswa yi ngaye.

Phi?

Ethetha zezi lwimi, simele siqale ukusuka ekhaya. Mandarin yaseTshayina nje kuphela ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kweli lizwe. Kwakhona kucingwa ukuba amaqela main lwesigodi. Oko kusebenza apha kwaye ulwimi Chinese Mandarin. Ngaphezu kokuba Mandarin Dungan oyinyaniso, oko kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yakhe "Mandarin" (ukusuka elithi "Putonghua"). Eli gama ukuze ugwetyelwe. Nangona Mandarin ulwimi apha ithatha nje yinxalenye yeqela. Kodwa eli gama ngenxa Mandarin Western uncwadi, ingakumbi baseYurophu. Ekuqondeni abemi ico lulwimi Chinese - yi Mandarin, okanye uhlobo Putonghua.

ezahlukeneyo Mandarin

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, oku dialect ayikho Putonghua kuphela (Mandarin), kodwa ezinye neziyelelane. ukuba Zahlula-hlulwe subgroups 8. Makubulelwe ke kwiindawo ezithathwa kweli lizwe. Umzekelo, kukho iqelana ngeendidi zeelwimi kumntla-mpuma. Asinto nzima ukuba baqashele ukuba eyasetyenziswa abemi kulo mmandla of China. Kukho kwakhona iqelana ka eBeijing, apho abahlali kwikomkhulu bathethe.

Kukho, Kakade ke, imibutho ezinzima ngakumbi apho abantu abaqhelekileyo kunzima ukuqonda ukubetha card abathwali. Umzekelo, tszyanhuayskaya iqelana ithatha indawo encinane, nto leyo ifumaneka kwi iteksti River. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukho chzhunyuanskaya, imazi-yin, Chi-lu no Jiao-Liao nomnye. Asezikhundleni indawo enkulu. Kodwa ke eyona eqhelekileyo, mhlawumbi, ingaqatshelwa iqelana kumzantsi-ntshona. Kulo mfanekiso eboniswe ngezantsi, eluhlaza esimnyama apeyintiweyo iindawo apho kusetyenziswa Mandarin.

Ngaphezu

Kunye ulwimi Mandarin, kukho kwakhona azixhaphakanga kwiqela Mandarin. Umzekelo, Jin isebenzisa abantu abazizigidi 45 kuphela. Bahlala kweli phondo Shanxi, ngokunjalo kumntla ye Shaanxi kunye Hebei.

isebe Beijing

Oku kuquka nezendawo ezisixhenxe ezinkulu. Phakathi kakhulu kakuhle yaziwa: eBeijing kunye Putonghua (Mandarin language). Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukho lwesigodi olulodwa, nto leyo simiso kuye iingcambu ezifanayo ulwimi standard Chinese. Kodwa ke distinguishable ngenxa ukusasazeka kwayo kunye abathwali.

Kukho Karamay, Hailar, iziyelelane chifensky, kwakunye izihlomelo Chengde Jin, okhankanywe ngaphambili. Zonke ezi ntlobo yeelwimi na, ingakumbi, isebe eBeijing kunye kakhulu ukuluqonda abo abafunda Chinese njengoko kakhulu standardised.

ngokusemthethweni

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni China yi Mandarin Chinese. Yena inamaqela lwaso 10. Ukunxibelelana labemi isebenzisa ulwimi standard Chinese, leyo apha ekuthiwa Putonghua. Iyasetyenziswa e Singapore (Huayu) kunye e Hong Kong, kunye Taiwan ibizwa ngokuba guoyu. Putonghua ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuba iziyelelane ngomlomo. Xa ubhala umgangatho ebizwa baihua.

isisekelo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, Putonghua libhekisela eBeijing lwesigodi, lalo kwiqela Mandarin. Le negrama yolwimi ziyahambelana yonke imigangatho, ezo zikokosiweyo kumGaqo-imisebenzi boncwadi.

igama

Putonghua zingabizwa kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Igama esemthethweni esetyenziswa ngqo eBeijing kunye nakwiindawo ezikufutshane. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, e Singapore ibizwa ngokuba Huayu, ngokunjalo Malaysia. Kodwa e Taiwan - guoyu. Putonghua e West bonke wafumana igama engaqhelekanga - Mandarin ulwimi. Yonke le nto yaqala kanye ngoncwadi yaseYurophu. Ngaphezu koko, kukho uthando ebizwa ngokuba akukho nje Mandarin kunye Mandarin lonke iqela le.

Ngaphezu koko, i-West wayedla kule kota ethile lwaso - Standard Mandarin. It aman- iinketho: .. "Mandarin", "Mandarin", njl eRashiya, kodwa ukwahlula phakathi Putonghua nezendawo anxulumene nalo. A "sohlobo" khetho ayamkelwa ngabahlali wezifundo. Nangona media for "nehlekisayo" Ndingathanda ukusebenzisa eli gama.

iingcambu Portuguese

Mandarin kufanele le "sohlobo" isihloko Portuguese. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba Mandarin Chinese maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba Guanhua. Injalo, bubonakala - ". Intetho nemithetho" kanye kwakhona Oku kungqina ukuba Putonghua kuphela abantu abafundileyo kwaye kakuhle ukufunda.

Ngo-Portugal, i amaninzi amagosa aphakamileyo zodidi ebizwa "mandarins", nto leyo yathetha "umlungiseleli, igosa." Ngemihla Imperial China kunjalo ngokuba ngabantu isiPhuthukezi abanempembelelo. Ngoko ke, kancinane emva koko wabonakala phezu lesikhumba Guanhua kunye Putonghua wafumana igama sikweni - "Mandarin".

A uhlobo 'Mandarin "

Ngokubanzi, ngaphandle nje kokuba Putonghua - dialect eqhelekileyo kakhulu, usenalo eziliqela nomnye. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba, xa iphathwa njenge lwimi lwaseburhulumenteni, ezo ndawo ukuba ngaphambili ukuthetha naluphi lululwimi Mandarin, Putonghua reformatted in version yakhe. Ngenxa yoko, ezi lwimi ka Mandarin ulwimi, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, zixhaphakile kwezinye iingingqi. Phakathi kwabo guoyu Taiwan, Singapore Huayu, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo Putonghua - guandunsky.

imbali yentsusa

ngaphambili phambi Putonghua wasebenzisa uhlobo sikweni yomlomo lwesigodi - Guanhua. Kukho kungenzeka ukuba zange uqale ukuthatha imilo kwasekuqaleni 1266. Ke ikomkhulu Chinese uye wasiwa kummandla Beijing yanamhlanje. Ngelo xesha, waqala wobukumkani bakhe Yuan Dynasty. Ngowe-1909, waba eyaziwa guoyu, abanye xesha yaba ngokomlinganiselo ovunyiweyo. Kamva, kwathiwa igama e Putonghua. Lo mgangatho iquka nje kuphela ebhalwe kodwa norm ngomlomo.

Ngubani othi?

Phambi abasemagunyeni kwakukho ingxaki: ukukhuthaza indlela nokusasazwa Putonghua babulingana ngomlomo intetho abekwezo ndawo of China, apho sebenzisa ezinye neziyelelane. Lo mbuzo baze babhala kwi siseko Chinese. Kodwa ukusasazeka nkqubo kade ngokwaneleyo. Putonghua ngoku kusetyenziswa kwi TV nonomathotholo, kodwa isiqingatha kuphela labemi ziyacaca ngolo lwimi. 18 Kuphela% sebenzisa sisihlomelo ekhaya ukuba bathethe. No 42% wabahlali bathethe Putonghua esikolweni nasemsebenzini.

Ukuze ulawule le mba, uviwo luthe lwaqaliswa, nto leyo ebonisa izinga lolwazi ngentetho. Ukumisela othetha Mandarin ulwimi, kuba iye yaba lula kakhulu. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuba iziphumo zithi into singathanda ukubona kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 kamva, ukuqaliswa Putonghua.

Eli nqanaba liphezulu le "1-A". It wabelwe abo wenza impazamo ngaphantsi kwe-3%. Amaninzi, oku kubangela iimviwo Beijingers bazalelwe kuloo ndawo. Kwaye phakathi bonke abanye abantu, eli nani kunqabile kakhulu. Ukuba e Beijing ngayo eAmsterdam 90% of examinees, isixeko abakhulu Tianjin uye waba yinkokheli nge-25% abapase.

Ukusebenza unomathotholo nomabonwakude, ungenza akukho ngaphezulu kwe-8% yeziphoso, nokuba umgangatho "B-1". Ukuba amalungu eendaba kufuneka ufumane iziphumo zohlolo. Ukuze ufumane umfundisi uncwadi Chinese, kunokuba sabakho-13 ngaphezu% yeziphoso - umgangatho "-A 2". Nangona loo yokusebenza kokwa Putonghua ayanda, kodwa abakwazi ukuyiqonda le lwesigodi amaninzi. Nangona kusenokwenzeka ukuba babe nako ukuthetha lwesigodi.