... iipropati ekunciphiseni babe iipropati redox

Iipropati Redox atom ngamnye kunye ion kukho umba obalulekileyo apha chemistry mihla. Le nto inceda ukuba achaze umsebenzi izinto kunye izinto ukuqhuba uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha iimpawu yemichiza ye atom ezahlukeneyo.

Yintoni na le agent oxidizing

iingxaki ezininzi chemistry, kuquka imibuzo uvavanyo yoviwo karhulumente elimanyeneyo grade 11, kwaye jeg kwibakala 9, ezinxulumene nale mbono. Le oxidant igqalwa athom okanye ion, nto leyo ngethuba yentsebenziswano wemichiza kwamkela electron ukusuka kwenye ion okanye atom. Xa sihlalutya iimpawu oxidizing-athom kufuneka inkqubo ngamaxesha of Mendeleev. Kweli thuba, apho ibekwe itafile ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, ukukwazi oxidizing ye-athom ezininzi, oko kukuthi, abe iipropati efanayo non-zalo. Le subgroups enkulu parameter efanayo kunciphisa ezantsi. Phakathi kwezona enamandla kwezinto ezilula yokuba isakhono oxidizing, ukukhokela fluoride. A kota ezifana "electronegativity", kunokwenzeka ukuba i-atom kwimeko kwemichiza impefumlelwano electron ezingathathelwa ingqalelo ntonye iipropati oxidative. Phakathi kwezinto ezinzima luqulathe izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ngamachiza kuqwalaselwa iioksidenti eqaqambileyo: permanganate potassium, potassium khloreyithi, ozone.

Yintoni reductant

Ukuncitshiswa iipropati okufana atom kwezinto ezilula bembonisa iipropati zalo. Kwisithuba etafileni ngamaxesha izinto zobumnini ebuntsimbi, ayishiya buthathaka, kwaye subgroups ezinkulu (nkqo), ukuba ziyanyuswa. Umongo ukuchacha ifuthe electron, apho ibekwe kwinqanaba amandla engaphandle. Xa linokuya liba likhulu inani amaqokobhe electron (amanqanaba), kube lula ukuba athumele ebudeni umchiza impefumlelwano electron "extra".

Akhona eXcellent iimpawu ekunciphiseni babe esebenzayo (kwealkali, umhlaba obrak) iintsimbi. Ukongeza, izinto bebonisa efanayo parameters ezahlula sulphur oxide (6), carbon monoxide. Ukuze ufumane isidanga ubuninzi igcwala, ezo zinto kufuneka ubonise ukunciphisa iipropati.

Inkqubo igcwala

Ukuba, ngethuba umchiza intsebenziswano ye-atom okanye ion ulahlekelwa electron kwenye atom (ion), ubhekisela kwinkqubo igcwala. Kuba uhlalutyo indlela utshintsho ukunciphisa mihlaba kunye nomthamo oxidative, kufuneka iziqalelo lwezakhi, kwakunye nolwazi kwemithetho yangoku physics.

isenzo

iinkqubo zokunciphisa zibandakanya ukwamkelwa ion okanye elektroni ngu atom nezinye athom (ion) ngexesha ngqo imichiza intsebenziswano. arhente ekunciphiseni Excellent ezi nitrites, sulfites zesinyithi kwealkali. Ukunciphisa iimpawu ezifunekayo kwinkqubo ukutshintsha iipropati metal efanayo izinto ezilula.

Algorithm Uhlalutyo OVR

Ukuze alungele iikhemikhali abasabela ngayo umfundi ukuhlela okuza, kufuneka usebenzise algorithm okhethekileyo. Iipropati Redox ukunceda ukusombulula neendidi zemisebenzi yoyilo in analytical, eziphilayo chemistry, jikelele. Ukuze enze naliphi na uhlalutyo yokusabela:

1. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuchaza sakhi igcwala karhulumente ngamnye, esebenzisa imigaqo.
2. Okulandelayo ukuchaza ezo athom okanye ion, ezithe zatshintsha isimo sabo igcwala ukuba babandakanyeke basabela.
3. Marks 'thabatha' yaye 'dibanisa' zibonisa inani elingqukuva eyamkelwe kulo umchiza abasabela ngayo electron free.
4. Ngaphezu koko, phakathi inani elektroni ugqitywa ubuncinane efanayo ezininzi, ngamanye elipheleleyo ukuba ngokulinganayo liyohluleka ngo elektroni eyamkelekileyo yazinikela.
5. Emva koko yahlulahlulwe yaba elektroni inxaxheba ekudibaneni kwemichiza.
6. Okulandelayo, siye ngqo apho ion okanye athom kufuneka iipropati ukunciphisa, kwakunye ukucacisa iioksidenti.
7. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela okuza pose in EQ.

Ukusebenzisa indlela yohlenga-elektroniki, ukuba babeke okuza kuhlelo asabela akunike:

NaMnO ₄ + acid + hydrogen sulphuric emanzini = S + MN SO ₄ + ... + ...

Algorithm ukusombulula le ngxaki

Sifumanisa hle kufuneka emva impefumlelwano mbandela. Ekubeni indlela sele oxidant (baya manganese) kunye kuchazwe ekunciphiseni arhente (kuya kuba isalfure) into eyenziwa nto leyo ukutshintsha ngesidanga igcwala. Ekubeni indlela ephambili kwenzeka phakathi ityuwa kunye asidi enamandla ioksijini aqulethe, ngoko enye le isiphelo kweziyobisi iya kuba amanzi, kwaye eyesibini - ityuwa sodium, ngakumbi ngqo, sodium sulfate.

Ngoku makhe sibuyele scheme kunye nokwamkelwa electron:

- MN ⁺⁷ uthatha 5 e = ^{MN-phinde ngo 2.}

Isigaba sesibini scheme:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

Thina baya irhafu wasabela, kungekhona ndizilibala ukuba bashwankathele zonke sulfur kwi engontsini alenxaki.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3h ₂ SO ₄ = 5 + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ Owu + Na ₂ SO _4.

Imposiso yenkcaza OVR ebandakanya hydrogen peroxide

Ukusebenzisa uhlalutyo algorithm OVR nga umyinge indlela kwemichiza:

hydrogen peroxide + sulphuric acid + potassium permagnanat = MN SO ₄ + oxygen + ... + ...

Igcwala zatshintsha oxygen ion (iperoksayidi yehidrojeni) kwee- yemanganizi potassium permanganate. Oko kukuthi, i-arhente ukunciphisa i-arhente oxidizing, sikho.

Chaza into material nga zisenzeka emva intsebenziswano. Enye yazo amanzi, nto leyo limelwe ngokucacileyo yi indlela phakathi acid kunye netyuwa. Potassium awakhi into entsha, imveliso yesibini iya Ipotaziyam ityuwa, ezizezi sulfate, njengoko basabela saqhubeka sulphuric acid.

Driving:

2Thixo ^- 2 ^unika electron kunye uguqulwe O ₂ ⁰ 5

MN ⁺⁷ 5 ifumana electron ayokuba ion 2 ^{MN-phinde ngo 2}

Sibeka irhafu.

5H ₂ O ₂ + 3h ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO = 5O _{2 4} + 2Mn SO ₄ + 8H ₂ Owu + K ₂ SO ₄

UMZEKELO uzama uku OVR ne potassium chromate

Ukusebenzisa indlela eseleyo elektroniki, ukuseka inxaki ne okuza:

FeCl ₂ + zehydrochloric acid + potassium chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

Changed igcwala yentsimbi karhulumente (intsimbi chloride ngo-II) kunye chromium ion potassium bichromate.

Ngoku sizama ukufumana phandle kokuba kuvele ezinye izinto. Omnye inokuba ityuwa. Njengoko potassium is ayakhekanga nayiphi na umzi mveliso yesibini unjalo a netyuwa potassium, ngakumbi ngqo, chloride, kuba basabela kwenzeka kunye zehydrochloric acid.

Ukuze yeshadi:

^{Fe-phinde ngo 2} uthumela e = Fe ⁺³ 6 reductant

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 ufumana e = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Thina aveze okuza kwi wasabela:

6K ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7H ₂ O + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

UMZEKELO uzama uku OVR ne potassium iodide

Bexhobe imithetho, aseke lenxaki:

potassium permanganate + sulphuric acid + potassium iodide, manganese sulfate + ... iodo + ... + ...

Igcwala karhulumente watshintsha yemanganizi iodine. Yiloo nto ke reductant kunye oxidant akhoyo.

Ngoku sifumanisa ekugqibeleni endiyibumbileyo thina. Umchiza iya kuba potassium, ngamanye ukufumana potassium sulfate.

iinkqubo zokunciphisa kwenzeka ion iodine.

Akha scheme transfer electron:

- MN ⁺⁷ 5 ufumana e = ^{MN-phinde ngo 2} 2 yi-arhente oxidizing,

^- 2I - kwenza E = I 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 a arhente ukunciphisa.

Sihlela okuza kwi wasabela, ngoxa ungalibali ukuba bashwankathele zonke sulfur kule nxaki.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ SO ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ SO ₄ + 8H ₂ O

UMZEKELO uzama uku OVR ne sodium sulfite

Ukusebenzisa indlela zoqobo, sibhala amacebo ukuze lenxaki:

- sulphuric acid + KMnO ₄ + ... isodiyam sulfite, isodiyam sulfate, manganese sulfate + ... + ... +

Emva sokuthatha ukufumana sodium amanzi amtyuba.

Ukuze yeshadi:

- MN ⁺⁷ 5 ufumana e = ^{MN-phinde ngo 2} 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 uthumela e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Sihlela okuza kule ukusabela Ungalibali ukubeka sulfur ekumiseleni okuza.

3h ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₃ = K ₂ SO ₄ + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₄ + 3h ₂ O.

UMZEKELO uzama uku OVR nge nitrogen

Gqibezela le misebenzi ilandelayo. Ukusebenzisa algorithm, njani olo epheleleyo yokusabela lenxaki:

- manganese Nitrate + nitric acid + PBO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + PB (NO _{3) 2} +

Makhe sihlolisise oko kweziyobisi forms bade. Ekubeni basabela yabanjwa phakathi arhente ngamandla oxidizing kunye netyuwa, ngoko ke into ngamanzi.

Siya kubonisa utshintsho kwenani electron:

- ^{MN-phinde ngo 2} 5 uthumela e = MN ⁺⁷ 2 imiboniso iimpawu arhente ekunciphiseni,

- PB ⁺⁴ 2 ufumana e = ^{PB-phinde ngo 2} 5 oxidizer.

3. ezicwangcisa okuza kwi wasabela, ngenyameko dibanisa yonke nitrogen ekhoyo kwicala lasekhohlo lenxaki yokuqala:

- 2Mn (NO _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (NO _{3) 2} + 2H ₂ O.

Kule reaction, iipropati ukunciphisa nje kubonakaliswa initrogen.

Isampulu yesibini indlela redox nge nitrogen:

Zn + sulphuric acid + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + NO + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 uthumela e = ^{Zn-phinde ngo 2} 3 ukuba ukunciphisa arhente,

N ⁺⁵ 3 ufumana e = ^{N-phinde ngo 2} 2 ke oxidant.

Thina beka okuza ku yokusabela amiselweyo:

3Zn + 3h ₂ SO ₄ + 2HNO ₃ = 3ZnSO ₄ + 2NO + 4H ₂ O.

Ukubaluleka abasabela redox

Ukwehla asabela yaziwa kakhulu - photosynthesis, isityalo eqhelekileyo. Indlela ukutshintsha iimpawu achache? Le nkqubo lwenzeka kwi onokuphila, oko kukhokelela ekwandeni amandla kunye umthombo wangaphandle. Yiyo le amandla kwaye usebenzisa iimfuno zabo lwabantu. Imizekelo oxidizing nokunciphisa abasabela ezinxulumene imichiza, zibaluleke kakhulu ukuguqula iikhompawundi zenitrogen, ikharbon, ioksijini. Iphotosynthesis Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba unalo sisincoko enjalo into efunekayo ukuze uphuhliso eziphilayo. Iphotosynthesis ayinyuki carbon dioxide emoyeni istili, komhlaba Umhlaba ayikho ebilayo. Isityalo iphuhlisa nje kuphela redox reaction, kodwa iifom izinto ezinjalo ebantwini, ezifana ioksijini, iswekile oyifunayo. Ngaphandle lo yabo khemikhali akanakuba ngomjikelo ndizele kukuthetha kwindalo, kwakunye ubukho izinto eziphilayo.

isicelo Practical OVR

Ukuze igcine umphezulu metal, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba kuncitshiswe iimpawu izinyithi esebenzayo kukuthi, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba agubungele umaleko komhlaba phezu into esebenzayo, ngaloo ndlela sehlise inkqubo nokumelana imichiza. Ngenxa iipropati redox ngu zokucoca kunye kweentsholongwane amanzi okusela. Nam ingxaki umntu akakwazi ingalungiswa ngaphandle kokuba zifakwe ngokuchanekileyo okuza nxaki. Ukwenzela ukuphepha iimpazamo, kubalulekile ukuba babe nofifi ngazo redox zonke iparameters.

Ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nokumelana khemikhali

kungumngeni kubomi babantu kunye nomsebenzi umhlwa. Ngenxa ukuguqulwa lwemichiza ukusilela metal, ukulahlekelwa amalungu imoto yokusebenza, izixhobo zabo umatshini. Ukuze kulungiswe ingxaki enjalo, esebenzisa ukhuselo umbingelelo, umaleko metal enamathela of ivanishi okanye ipeyinti isicelo aluminium anticorrosive. Umzekelo, umphezulu sobhedu legqunyiwe ngomaleko ngentsimbi esebenzayo - aluminiyam.

isiphelo

Iintlobo ngeentlobo reactions zokunciphisa kwenzeka emzimbeni, ukuqinisekisa eqhelekileyo yokusebenza kwinkqubo yokwetyisa. Ezinjalo kwiinkqubo zobomi ezingundoqo yokubola, ukubola, yokuphefumla, nayo ezinxulumene nokunciphisa izakhiwo. Iimpawu ezifanayo, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngaphandle asabela ngokuzinikela kunye nokwamkelwa elektroni ayikwazi zemigodi, imveliso woshishino ammonia, alkalis, asidi. Kuzo zonke iindlela ifildi yodibaniso Uhlalutyo ngokomthamo isekelwe kwiinkqubo redox. Ze ningalwi naye loo ngumkhuba ezingemnandi nokumelana weekhemikhali, oko kusekelwe kulwazi ezi nkqubo.