Iintlobo zengxaki: umcimbi, intsimi yomzimba, ukukhutshwa komzimba. Ingcamango yomcimbi

Into ebalulekileyo yokufunda ininzi yesayensi yezemvelo ibalulekile. Kule nqaku siza kuqwalasela umxholo, iintlobo zemiba, iifom zokuhamba kunye nezakhiwo.

Yintoni ebalulekileyo?

Kwimihla emininzi, ingcamango yenguqu ishintshile kwaye iphuculwe. Ngaloo ndlela, isazi sefilosofi sasendulo saseGrike uPlato sabona njengesigxina sezinto ezichasayo iingcamango zabo. U-Aristotle uthe le nto yinto engunaphakade, ayikwazi ukuba yenziwe okanye ichithe. Kamva, izazi zefilosofi zikaDemocritus kunye neLeucippus zanikezela inkcazo yento njengento ethile eyisiseko apho yonke imizimba ehlabathini lethu nakwizinto zendalo ihlanganiswa.

Umxholo wanamhlanje wemiba wanikelwa ngu-VI Lenin, ngokubhekiselele kuloluhlu oluzimeleyo kunye oluzimeleyo, olubonakaliswe ngombono womntu, uvakalelwa, luyakunikwa kwakhona kwaye lufotwe.

Iimpawu zeMicimbi

Impawu eziphambili zezinto ziyimpawu ezintathu:

• Isikhala.
• Ixesha.
• Movement.

Iibini zokuqala zihluke kwiimpawu zemizila, oko kukuthi, zinokulinganiswa ngokulinganisela kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Isikhundla sibalwa ngamamitha kunye neziphumo zayo, kunye nexesha kwiiyure, imizuzu, imizuzwana, kunye neentsuku, iinyanga, iminyaka, njl. Ixesha linomnye, akukho propati ebonakalayo engabalulekanga. Awukwazi ukubuyela kwinqanaba lexesha lokuqala, i-vector yexesha isoloko ihamba ngendlela enye kwaye ihamba ukusuka kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuya kwixesha elizayo. Ngokuchasene nexesha, indawo iyona ngcamango eyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ine-dimensional dimension (ubude, ubude, ububanzi). Ngaloo ndlela, zonke iindidi zemiba ziyakwazi ukuhamba kwindawo ukuze ifike ixesha elithile.

Iifom zenkqubela yomba

Konke okusijikelezayo, sihamba sisendaweni kwaye sidibanisana nomnye. Uqhutyelwano luqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kwaye luyipropati ephambili ukuba zonke iintlobo zengxaki. Okwangoku, le nkqubo ingaqhubeki nje ngokusebenzisana kwezinto eziliqela, kodwa kwakhona ngaphakathi kwezinto ngokwazo, kubangela ukuguqulwa kwayo. Ukwahlula oku kulandelayo:

• Umatshini - oku kukuhamba kwezinto kwi-space (ukuwa kwe-apula evela kwisebe, kuqhuba i hare).

• Ubume bezinto ezibonakalayo xa umzimba uguqula iimpawu zawo (umzekelo, urhulumente jikelele). Imizekelo: ikhephu iyancibilika, amanzi aphuphuma, njl
• Ukuchithwa kweMichiza - ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali yeso sityalo (ukubola kwesimbi, i-glucose oxidation)
• I-Biological - iyenzeka kwizinto eziphilayo kwaye ichaza ukukhula kwezityalo, imetabolism, ukuvelisa, njl njl.

• Ifom yoluntu - iinkqubo zentlalo yoluntu: unxibelelwano, ukuqhuba iintlanganiso, ukhetho, njl.
• I-Geological - ibonisa ukunyakaza kwento emhlabathini kunye neembilini zomhlaba: ingundoqo, ingubo.

Zonke iifom ezilapha ngentla zihambelana, zidibanisa kwaye zitshintshana. Akunakukwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kwaye azikwazi ngokwaneleyo.

Iipropati zomcimbi

Inzululwazi yasendulo neyenamhlanje ibonakaliswe iipropati ezininzi malunga nomcimbi. Eyona nto ibonakalayo kwaye iyabonakala iyintembeko, kodwa kukho ezinye iipropati:

• Ayinakunyuswa kwaye ayinakonakala. Eli propati lithetha ukuba nayiphi na umzimba okanye into ekhona ngexesha elithile, likhula, liyeke ukuba likhona njengento yokuqala, kodwa umcimbi awupheli ukuba ube khona, kodwa umane uguquke ube ngenye indlela.
• Lunaphakade kwaye alupheli kwithuba.
• Ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo, utshintsho, ukuguqulwa.
• Ukumiswa, ukuxhomekeka kwizinto ezivelisayo kunye nezizathu. Le propati yintlobo yenkcazo yemvelaphi yombandela ngenxa yeziganeko ezithile.

Iintlobo eziphambili zemiba

Oososayensi banamhlanje bahlukanisa iintlobo ezintathu zenkalo:

• Isisombululo esinomlinganiselo othile ekuphumleni yifom eqhelekileyo. Ingaba neengqungquthela, i-molecule, i-athomu, kwakunye neekomidi zazo, ezenza umzimba wenyama.
• Intsimi yenyama yinto ekhethekileyo yezinto ezilungiselelwe ukubonelela ukusebenzisana kwezinto (izinto).
• I-vacuum yomzimba yindawo ephathekayo enezinga eliphezulu lamandla.

Ngolunye ulwazi, siza kugxininisa nganye kwiintlobo.

Into

Inkunkuma yinto enomba, into ephambili engabonakaliyo, oko kukuthi, ukuyeka, ukunciphisa. Isakhiwo saso siquka iincinci ezincinci ngendlela yeeponons, i-electron ne-neutron, apho i-atom iqukethe. I-Atom zidibanisa zibe iimlekyuli, zenza into eyenza umzimba ibe yinyama okanye umzimba.

Naliphi na into eneenombolo zeempawu ezahlukileyo ezivela kwabanye: ubuninzi, ubuninzi, ukubilisa kunye nokudibanisa indawo, isakhiwo se-crystal lattice. Ngaphansi kweemeko ezithile, izinto ezahlukeneyo zingadibaniswa kwaye zixutywe. Kwizinto zendalo, zenzeka kwiindawo ezintathu eziqinileyo: eziqinileyo, ezimanzi kunye nezomhlaba. Kule meko, urhulumente we-concrete uhambelana kuphela neemeko zomxholo wezinto kunye nobukhulu be-molecular interaction, kodwa ayikho impawu yazo. Ngako oko, amanzi aphantsi kwamaqondo ahlukeneyo angathatha zombini i-liquid, kunye nesimo esomeleleyo, kunye nesimo segesi.

Umzimba

Iintlobo zemiba yomzimba zibandakanya eso sigaba njengengcambu yomzimba. Luhlobo lwenkqubo apho imizimba ephathekayo inxibelelana. Intsimi ayiyiyo into emelekileyo, kodwa kunokuba yithwala iipropati ezithile eziyifumene. Ngaloo ndlela, i-pulse ekhishwe kwi-particle enye, kodwa ingabandakanywa enye, yinto yokufikelela kwintsimi.

Iimpawu zomzimba ziyizona zakhiwo ezingabonakaliyo zengxaki ephethe indawo yokuhlala. Ziyakwazi ukuhlulwa ngokwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo:

1. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-charge-forming charge, zikhona: izixhobo zombane, magnetic kunye ne-gravity.
2. Ngokwemvelo yesimangalo seendleko: inkundla eguquguqukayo, i-statistical (iqulethe isilinganisi esicacileyo esinye nesinye isahlulo esicatshulwayo).
3. Ngokwemvelo: i-macro- kunye ne-microfield (eyenziwe yinkqubela yamacandelo athile).
4. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yendalo: yangaphandle (ejikeleza iindidi ezihlawulweyo), yangaphakathi (intsi ngaphakathi kwento), okwenyaniso (ixabiso elipheleleyo lemeko zangaphandle nangaphakathi).

Ukucima umzimba

Ngekhulu lama-20, kwi-physics, njengokungqinelana phakathi kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye neengcamango, igama elithi "umfutho wenyama" lalibonakala lichaza izinto ezithile. Okokuqala kuthiwa kuye impahla yezinto eziphathekayo, ngelixa eli lilandelayo lathi inkunkuma ayiyonto kodwa ayikho nto. I-physics yanamhlanje iye yachasa izigwebo zeengcamango kwaye yabonisa ukuba ugalelo luhlobo olubonakalayo, olubizwa ngokuba yi-quantum field. Inani leengqunqwana kulo lilingana nantoni, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, alithinteli ukuvela kwexesha elifutshane kweengqungquthela kwizigaba eziphakathi. Kwiingcamango ze-quantum, umgangatho wamandla okhuseleko lwangaphandle uphathwe ngokomqathango njengento encinci, oko kukuthi, lingana nantoni. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwabonakaliswa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba insimu yamandla ingathatha zombini iindleko ezimbi kunye nezindululo. Kukho ingcamango yokuba i-Universe ivela ngokuchanekileyo phantsi kweemeko zesiphene somzimba esonwabileyo.

Kuze kube ngoku, isakhiwo se-vacuum engumzimba asiqondanga ngokupheleleyo, nangona iipropati zayo ziyaziwa. Ngokwe-Dirac hole hole, insimu ye-quantum iqukethe i-quanta ehambayo kunye neentlawulo ezifanayo, ukubunjwa kwe-quanta ngokwabo kuhlale kungacacile, amaqoqo ayo ahamba ngendlela yokutshalisa.