Iintlobo zengqolowa kunye nentsingiselo yazo

Ingqolowa ingumnani wezolimo. Ngaphantsi kweli gama, iintlobo ezi-15 zidibeneyo, zihluke komnye nomnye kwizinto ezihlukeneyo: iinkozo, iintyatyambo kunye nesakhiwo seendlebe. Ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zeengqolowa zikhona, kubalulekile ukuba ufunde isigaba sezinto eziphilayo zezityalo zolu hlobo. Oku kuya kunceda ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ukwahlukana kwenzelwe kanye njengoko kwenziwa, kunye nokuchonga iimpawu eziphambili zezinto eziziintlobo ezibalulekileyo.

Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zengqolowa zincinci. NgesiLatini kuchanekile ukubabize iTriticum vulgare. Unokwazi ukwahlula isityalo esithile kule ntlobo ngokufunda isakhiwo seendlebe. Kukhululekile, akukho keel kwizikali, ngenxa yokuba ingqolowa ivalwe kuphela.

Iintlobo kunye neentlobo zeengqolowa zeentlobo ezihambileyo ziyaziwayo, zikhokelwa ngubukho bentonga: abanye banalo, abanye abakwenzi. Kule meko, kuzo zonke iintlobo ezinesinki (ukuba ngumbuzo wekolweni elincinci), ulwalathiso lwee-spikelets lubonakaliswe ngokuxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano. Ukubonakala kwengqolowa ekhulayo emasimini, ngaphandle kophando olukhethekileyo, kunceda ukucacisa kwisityalo esincinci, i-bezo soft soft varieties.

Olu hlobo lwengqolowa lunamacandelo amane ahlukeneyo: luhlobo oluthile lwezityalo, ukuma kwazo, ukuhambelana kunye neziqu. Esi sityalo sisoloko singenanto engundoqo, kwaye umbala wezityalo zihluke kakhulu: ezinye iinkalo zithatyathwa ngokukhanya okubomvu, kanti ezinye ziphela ezimhlophe. Iingqolowa zidla ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngesimo se-oval. Ngokubhekiselele ekuhambeni, kwezinye izityalo ezinokuba yiyo i-mealy, ngelixa kwamanye, i-vitreous, nangona ingqolowa ihlala emasimini, apho iinkozo zazo zihambelana.

Yintoni enye yokunyamekela?

Uhlobo oluthambileyo lwengqolowa yesityalo luye lwahluke kwiindevu. Unokukubona ngamehlo abuze, ukuba uhlolisisa ingqolowa. Iindevu ingcono kakhulu, iqukethe iinwele ezinde.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini: iintlobo "zeengqolowa zasebusika", kunye nengqolowa ye-spring. Kukholelwa ukuba kule mimandla le ngqolowa engenakulungiswayo ivela kumzantsi, entshona-ntshona yeAsia. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ekuqaleni bahluma enyakatho nasempumalanga ye-Afghanistan, kwimimandla esenyakatho ye-Indiya kunye nakwiindawo ezisentabeni ezihlala eThajikistan. Kodwa ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni iindlela zokucwangcisa kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu, ukukhula kweenkcubeko kuye kwanda kakhulu, kwaye namhlanje, ngaphandle kweyodwa yeentlobo zengqolowa, akunandaba nokuba yintoni-kunzima ukucinga ngobomi bomntu.

Yaye yintoni eyomeleleyo?

UBotany usitshela ukuba akukho zincinci kuphela zeengqolowa, kodwa nazo zizinzile. Abaphengululi banjalo baziwa ngokuthi "durum". Igama lesiLatini kule ngqungquthela yiTriticum durum. Ukuhlula iindidi ezizinzileyo akunzima, kwanele ukufunda indlebe. Zonke iintlobo zengqolowa elukhuni zinobuninzi obuninzi, obuninzi (ngaphandle kokungaqhelekanga). Iintlobo ezingaboniyo zenzululwazi ziyaziwa, kodwa zincinci.

I-oss enye yeentlobo zeengqolowa-eziqinileyo-zibukeka zihle, ngexesha elifanayo zi luncedo kwisityalo ngokwazo. Izinto ezininzi-iinwele zikhula ngasendlebe, zibonakala zi sasaza kwi-axis. Izikali zithethwa ngamandla, ngenxa yokuba ingqolowa ihlanganiswe ngayo kwaye ikhuselwe kwizinto zangaphandle ezibudlova.

Yintoni enye yokunyamekela?

Ukuqwalasela iintlobo ezinzima zengqolowa, unokubona ukuba iziqu zazo zihluke kwiintlobo eziluhlaza - aziyizinto ezingenanto, kodwa zizele ngengubo ebizwa ngokuba yintloko. Isiqhamo asihlali sigcwele ngokupheleleyo kwi-volume, ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela inxalenye ephezulu.

Enye into ehlukile yintlobo yengqolowa yeengqolowa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiintlobo eziqinileyo, iinkozo zixhomekeke, kwaye ukuba ziyakunqumla kwisiqingatha, i-cut cut will be shown. Uninzi lwezityalo zinemiqolo ye-vitreous kunye neendevu ephantse ingabonakali kwiso. Ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda ngokucacileyo, ingqolowa iya kuphakanyiswa kungekho ngaphantsi kwamahlanu.

Ehle, ehlwabisayo kwaye iluncedo

Iingqolowa eziqinileyo zinika iziqhamo zomthunzi omhle kakhulu. Ininzi lethu kwilizwe lethu lihlakulela iintlobo ezinjalo, ezo zivuno ezivuthiweyo ziba ngumthi. Kwamanye amazwe, iintlobo ezinika ingqolowa yomthunzi obomvu ziqhelekileyo.

Iingqolowa ezinzima kakhulu zivela entwasahlobo. Izityalo zasebusika zingakhula eTranscaucasia. Inqunywe yemozulu: kukho ixesha elibandayo elibandayo, ngenxa yeziphi iintlobo ezikhethiweyo ezinokuphila. Ngokomzekelo, kungokwesiko ukuhlwayela iintlobo zeApulicum.

IsiNgesikazi "turgidum"

Kukho uhlobo oluthile lwenqolowa, olubizwa ngesiLatini olubizwa ngeTritikum turgidum. Kodwa phakathi kwidolophu eyaziwa ngokuba yiNgesi. Indlebe yezi zityalo zityalo zifana neentlobo ezilukhuni, kuba i-awn ide, ibonakala, kwaye i-spike ngokwayo ixakekile, kwicandelo elinika isikwere okanye isangqa. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziintlobo zezi ntlobo, ezigutyungwe izikali, i-keel ngokukhawuleza ibamba iso.

Nangona kunjalo kuyisiko ukunika ingqolowa yesiNgesi kwiqela elikhethekileyo. Ngokukodwa, oku kusekelwe kwinto yokuba iintlobo azibonakalwanga nje ngefom yeklasi, kodwa nakwi-branch. Ngokuqhelekileyo iziqu zikhula ngokukodwa, kodwa ngaphakathi zizaliswe izicubu ezikhethekileyo. Ubunzima ngokuma-ovals, kufuphi neesangqa, kwisakhiwo, ngokwahlukileyo kwimimandla eqinile, i-flourry, i-semiclassical predominates. Kunokwenzeka ukukhula kolu hlobo lwengqolowa, kodwa luvunyelwe njengesiqhamo sasebusika.

IsiPolish "polonikum"

I-Polonikum yintlobo yengqolowa enobuncwane obufana ne-rye nge-mncinci, ephakamileyo, neendlebe zeendlebe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isityalo sithandwa ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "rye-giant". Ngexesha elifanayo, inkalo ehlukeneyo yeendidi ezihlukeneyo yile "iphepha" ukulingana kwamanqanaba endlebe. Nangona zifana ne-rye, le ngqolowa ikhumbuza i-oats yesakhiwo se-keel-into encinane kakhulu, akunakukwazi ukubona ngaphandle kokukhulisa.

Xa lolu hlobo lwesinkolo luqala ukugquma, amasimi azaliswe ngegolide e-amber, kodwa emnyama ngakumbi kunabanye abazalwana. Ingqolowa yasePoland ingahlonywa kuphela njengenkcubeko yasentwasahlobo. E-Russia, iyalinywa kwimimandla emininzi kufuphi neCaucasus naseSiberia, kodwa iindawo ezincinci.

I ngqolowa

NgesiLatini, le ngqungquthela ibizwa ngokuthi iTritikum Compactum. Igama linikwe ngokungenzi ngephutha, kuba isityalo sinamathenda amancinci. Jonga kubo - kwaye kubonakala sengathi bafakwe. Kuzo zombini izityebi ezicebileyo, kwaye ngokwenene ezingenanto zezilwanyana. Eyona nto ingundoqo yengqolowa iyalinywa njengesiqhamo sasebusika.

Ingqolowa ifana neleyo enikezwa ngeentlobo ezithambileyo, kodwa ezincinci ngobukhulu. Umgangatho kwishishini lokwenza isinkwa kwi-ngqolowa encinci ayibalulekanga, echaphazela ukuxhaphaka kwezi ntlobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Iintlobo zikhula kwimimandla yaseMelika, yaseAsia. E-Russia, zikhulile kwiindawo ezizintaba ngaphaya kweCaucasus. Zininzi iintlobo ezimbalwa ezinobumba ezizalwe kumaRiphabliki ase-Asia Ephakathi.

Sayensi i bonise

Isiko siye saziwa ngabantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ngenxa yokuba abantu baqala ukuyifundeka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwasenza sikwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi oluninzi lwendlela ikolweni ekhula ngayo, ikhula, kwaye ivelise zonke iintlobo kunye neentlobo zeengqolowa. Enye yeentlobo zengqolowa - i-polby - yandiwa kwi-storyary eyaziwayo yaseRussia, okwangoku namhlanje kwizikolo ezininzi, abantwana bafundiswa ngentliziyo, nokuba ngaba ngamaqhekeza kuphela.

Ukukhathalela ababeleki beengqolowa ngexesha leSoviet Union. Kwaye ke ngoko sikwazi ukuhoxisa ngokusemthethweni ukuba ixesha lokutshala kwengqolowa litshintsha. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe leemeko zendalo, isityalo sitshintshana ngokusuka kwintlobo enye ukuya kwesinye. Yile ndlela inkqubela enzima ngayo ingqolowa ivela kwisigxina. Ukongezelela, amava okudluliselwa phakathi kwebusika kunye nentwasahlobo aphindaphinda emva koko acingwa ngempumelelo.

Polba: Sithetha ntoni na?

Ekubeni sithetha ngamazwi aseRashiya endala, athetha izitya eziphambili kunye nemveliso ye-cooking, yendabuko kumaxesha adlulileyo, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba yenye yeentlobo zengqolowa. Isici esahlukileyo sale nqanaba sibonakaliswa xa ukugawula, xa intloko yendlebe, ngokungafani neyengqolowa yangempela, iphukile, ihlulwe ibe ngamacandelo. Iingqolowa zomntu, ezifihliweyo ngaphambili kwiimifanekiso zemibala, zikhishwa kwi-containment lay layer kwaye ziphuma, ezivumela ukuba ziqhube phambili.

Loo mveliso oqhelekileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo ulahlekelwe ukuthandwa kwawo ngaphambili. I-Polbu iyalinywa ngokuzenzekelayo eChuvashia, eBashkiria, eTatarstan nakwiindidi ezinxulumene nazo, kodwa oku akunakulinganiswa nemilinganiselo yangaphambili eveliswe kweli lizwe. Ixabiseke ngento yokuba ifilimu ikhusela ingqolowa ngomileyo owomileyo, ingabandakanyi ezinye iintlobo zezityalo. Ngelo xesha, umgangatho weenkozo uphantsi. I-Polska ifanelekile ukuveliswa kwee-cereals. Ngendlela, ngaba udibene kwi-crossword puzzles umbuzo othi "uhlobo lwengqolowa, iileta ezi-7"? Kwaye babuza apha malunga ne-flask, okanye kunoko, malunga nenye yeendidi zayo. Yiyiphi na? Funda kabanzi malunga nalokhu.

Yintoni esiyandayo?

Ingqolowa, eyaziwa kwi-botany yamanje, ininzi iifom ezimbini - ebusika, entwasahlobo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye ezinomnye kuphela. Ukongezwa kwesahlulo kuya kwezi zinto zimbini, kukho ukwahlula kwiintlobo. Ezi zizaliswayo, ezoqoqosho. Ukuba uthatha iindidi ezithile kwaye ufunde iintlobo zayo eziphilayo, uyakubona: izixhobo ze-botanical zifana ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

Ngelo xesha, kukho umlinganiselo kwintsimi yesityalo esiya kuvuna kwaye kulula kangakanani ukuba isityalo sithobele ukusuleleka kwi-fungi. Iimpawu ezahlukileyo ziya kuba ubude bexesha lokuhlwayela ukuvuna, umgangatho oboniswa ngqolowa xa ulungisa nokupheka umveliso ogqityiweyo. Xa kuqwalaselwa izityalo zasebusika, zivandlakanywa ukuchasana kwamaqanda. Kodwa entwasahlobo, isalathisi esibalulekileyo siya kuba namandla okuphila kwindlala.

Abalimi bendlela!

Abo bafuyi bangasebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kuba izitulo ezizodwa zixhotywe. Kwiimeko ezilungiselelwe oku, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane ezi zinto ezibizwa ngokuba yizinto ezikhethiweyo. Ukufezekisa oku ngokuqhelekileyo ngokudlula iintlobo. Akuyimfuneko ukucokisa into evela kwiintlobo ezimbini zesityalo esinye, ungazama ukudala i-hybrid ezimbini. Inzululwazi iyazi imeko eziphumelelayo zokuwela ingqolowa nge rye and wheatgrass. Ukongeza, abafuyi bakhetha iintlobo kunye nezityalo ezizimeleyo - mhlawumbi ngokubanzi okanye ngamnye.

Abazalisi banamhlanje basasebenza ngokusekelwe kwimbono ephuhlisiwe kwiminyaka yeSoviet ngumsululwazi odumile uMichurin. Iziphumo ziyamangalisa kakuhle: iintlobo ezinjalo ziye zatshintshiweyo ezichasene nezinto ezimbi, ngexesha elifanayo zivelisa ukuvuna okukhulu kwaye azixhomekekanga kwiimeko. Eyona nto ibonakaliswe ngokukodwa emsebenzini kunye nomfundi weengqolowa uLysenko, oye wabonisa ukuba nomphumo ochanekileyo kwisityalo ngexesha elithile, kunokwenzeka ukuba utshintshe uhlobo lwengqolowa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubusika bunokuba yintwasahlobo, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukuguqula utshintsho.

Ayikwazi ukugqithisa!

Kunzima ukucinga ngobomi bethu ngaphandle kwemveliso yokubhaka. Ngoku awukwazi ukucinga ukuba abantu bacinga ukuba ingqolowa ingaqwalaselwa kwaye iphekwe kuyo, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha kwakuyinto yokuqikelela ukuba yaba yinto eyenza inkcubeko yesondlo kwiplanethi yonke. Yintoni ekuthethileyo, ingabonakaliswa kuphela kwisondlo? Namhlanje, ingqolowa ibhekiswa kuyo yonke indawo nakuyo yonke indawo-kwiincwadi, iifilimu, ifoto, eboniswe kwimifanekiso, echazwe kwingoma nakubonga. Ngendlela, uyazi impendulo kumbuzo we-crossword we-classic "iileta ezi-7 zeeyile"? Inketho echanekileyo "ipelisi".

Ehlabathini lonke, ingqolowa ingafakwa ngokufanelekileyo njengenye yezityalo ezibalulekileyo. Isetyenziselwa ukwenza umgubo, okusanhlamvu, kwaye oku kusinika umgubo, i-confectionery kunye ne-pasta enondayo. I-Vodka, ibhiya - konke oku kwenziwa ngqolowa.

Nguwe odlayo

Esi sikhokelo kwiminyaka yamuva nje, abaninzi banokungcebelekanga, kwaye i-real essence ayibonakali, kodwa iyavakala enhle, oku akuthathi. Kwimeko nayiphi na, ayiyi kuba yinto engafanelekanga ukuba siyayazi into esiyidlayo - ubuncinane ukuba sikhethe okusemandleni ethu. Yaye yintoni eyona nto ingcono kakhulu kwihlabathi yengqolowa? Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwimihlaba ye-Phillips, ukunyaniseka kwangempela kwaqala kumabakala amabi. Kuzo zonke izinto zenzeke, kwaye ngaphezu koko abhala kwiipakethe malunga neendidi ezihlukeneyo, zibiza kakhulu eziza kuthatha kumthengi. Kodwa kutheni kutheni iindidi eziqinileyo "zazingatshatyalaliswa"?

Iintlobo ezinzulu zizityebi kwiiprotheni, i-carotenoids. Umva wokugqibela uchaza umthunzi weesibini kunye nomgubo owenziwe kubo - unesicu se-cream. Umgubo ngokwawo ukhululekile, ochazwe ngobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo. Le ngenye yezinto ezivumela ukuba sikhulume malunga nekhwalithi ephakamileyo, sibonga ukuba inhlama iyanqumla, i-elastic. Ezi zinto zendalo ziyimfuneko ekulungiseleleni i-pasta ephezulu, imango kunye nezinye iimveliso zokutya. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiphakheji eyenziwe kwimveliso yengqolowa yexesha elide ungachaza igama: "durum", "di grano duro".

Yaye ukuba ithambile?

Ngaloo ngqolowa, ukuxinwa kweprotheni akuphezulu kakhulu, okuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela. Iifuni zesitashi ezikulo mgubo zinkulu, kwaye zimhlophe, zihle, zidibanisa. Le nto ifumanekileyo isetyenziswe, yenza ama-biscuits kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zokudalwa kwamathandathu. Umgubo ococekileyo ongabalulekanga, ukuba ufanele upheke amaqebelengwane, amaqebelengwane.

UGluten: Sithetha ntoni na?

Ilizwi liviwa ngabantu bonke, kodwa akusiyo wonke umntu onokuyichazela. Ngoko yintoni na? Ngengqolowa eqhelekileyo kune gladin, glutenin. Kuvela kubo i-gluten eyenziwe. Iprotheyini inezibonakaliso ezithile ezifanelekileyo, ezibalulekileyo kumntu. Ziyakuthabatha umgubo ngeenjongo ezithile. Xa idibaniselana namanzi, umgangatho we gluten unquma ukuba isiphumo sithinteka.

Bambalwa abambalwa abazi kakuhle ukunyuka kwe-gluten. Oku akumangalisiyo, iprotheni yinto enjalo yokuba akuwona wonke umzimba womntu onokuwuphatha. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iimeko zokunyamezelana kwe-gluten zirekhodwa kaninzi. Akucebisi ukuba i-gluten ingena ekudleni okusondeza iintsana-kubantwana abancinci, isondlo sesisu sisinamandla ukuhlangabezana neprotheni. I-Gluten idla ngokungekho kwezinye ukutya kungekudala kunenyanga ye-8, ngokuqhelekileyo-kamva. Ngoko, imango, ethanda kakhulu abaninzi ukususela ebuntwaneni, xa uneminyaka engama-year ayinakudliwa.

Groats

Iintlobo ezininzi zeengqolowa zisetyenzisiweyo kwiimeko ezininzi ukwenza izityalo. Izityalo zigalelwe kakhulu, xa zicutshungulwa, zisusa zonke iigobols, iimbungu. Kuyinto yesiko ukuhlukanisa iintlobo ezahlukileyo, iinombolo zeeyolimo zengqolowa. Ukuhlulwa kwesahlulo kusekelwe kwindlela yokucubungula, imilinganiselo yeenhlamvu:

• Size;
• Uhlobo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthengiswa ingqolowa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lo mmbala ungenxa yokuba imveliso yenziwe ngqolowa yasentwasahlobo. Kodwa ungayifumana kwaye ube nomthunzi omncinci kakhulu we-gray. Umbala uthetha ukuba imveliso yayo ithathe ukuvunwa kwengqolowa yasebusika.

Naluphi na ukolweni obunzima yindawo yokugcina iiprotheni, kwaye ukutya okwenziwa kuyo kukuvumela ukuba uvuselele amandla ngokukhawuleza kwaye ixesha elide. Izitya ezinjalo ziyanconywa kakhulu ngabo baqhuba ubomi obushukumisayo, bathuthuke kakhulu, sebenze nzima. Kumntu omdala ongenakuxhatshazwa kwe-gluten, izitya zengqolowa ezomeleleyo zitsalwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zilula, ziyakwazi ukufakwa kwimenyu kunye nokutya okuninzi. Ukuze ungadli i-pasta, vumela i-porridge, igcobe.

Iintlobo zengqolowa: i-bulgur

Bulgur senziwa ncakasana durum. Le nkqubo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwakugutywa chaphaza umphunga yi iteknoloji olulodwa lomiswa kwelanga, ukucocwa, ipepper. Kakade ke, le ndlela original eyaziwa ngokuba ixesha elide, kunqabile kusetyenziswa le mihla, mijelo wavelisa iindlela phi zobugcisa lihlisa kancinci umgangatho imveliso kunye flavour izitya ezenziwe kwalo.

Njengoko sele kwinqanaba lemveliso okuziinkozo baba umphunga ngayo kwixesha elizayo, ukupheka elide iyafuneka. Ngelo xesha, ezi kutya aneevithamini, ithe yalahleka kwinkqubo zokupheka. Bulgur buyafuneka ukuze irayisi, salads kunye isuphu. Kodwa khumbula: ukuba zizityebi gluten, ngoko ngeke esidla nto aleji kwiproteni.

bulgur ode

Kwinxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya kunye kwimimandla esemantla yelizwe olu hlobo imveliso yengqolowa ufikile kakhulu kutshanje, ngokuba baninzi, yaye kule mini kuthathwa uju, kusekho angavavanywanga. Kwaye kubalulekile ukuba uzame. Ngaphandle ifumile, incasa osisityebi elithozamisayo, le ingqolowa na incasa ekhethekileyo - kusikhumbuza nati.

Ukuze bulgur wabonisa ngokupheleleyo zakhe iimpawu incasa kunye isoya, phambi ukupheka kuyimfuneko ukuba calcine oko nentwana yeoli ngepani ngembiza efana "Wok". Thatha nayiphi na ioli: imifuno, namafutha omnquma, ghee, ibhotolo. Kukholelwa ukuba le ndlela yokugqibela okuhle. Lakhe kusincede sifeze kugalela bulgur elimdaka, ndinivuse Qhotsa de ekhitshini akuthethi sicaca silivumba nati. Kwakukho ivumba? Excellent, inkqubo abetheka kungena kwisigaba esilandelayo - uthululele kuselukhambeni ezinye iimveliso Wamitha iresiphi nokulungiselela zonke ngokungakumbi njengoko isetyenziswa ukwenza. Bulgur ilungele zonke iintlobo izitya, ngoko ke uvavanyo zicinge kunye zengqolowa kuba ngaphandle ekupheleni.