Iintlobo kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga: itafile. iintlobo kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga

Ithiyori uphando lwezenhlalo of ezithile ngokwezinga akusiso emanyanisiweyo. Bakha isiseko kweekhonsepthi zalo zahlukeneyo enxulumene ukungalingani kwezentlalo, ithiyori iklasi, izihlwele zikarhulumente izigwili, njengokuba iyavumelana kwaye ezinxulumene omnye komnye. Indlela yokuqingqa iintlobo ezithile ngokwezinga yezembali, khetha zokuphatha impahla, amalungelo kunye neemfanelo, imigca ingxelo, njl

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo yemibono ezithile ngokwezinga

Ezithile ngokwezinga i "intsebenziswano alungiswe amaqela abantu umbutho" (Radaev VV Shkaratan O, "ezithile ngokwezinga lweNtlalo"). Xa umehluko iinqobo ngokunxulumene uhlobo ezithile ngokwezinga zembali kuquka:

• emzimbeni genetic;
• inceku;
• nangokodidi ekuhlaleni;
• emafeni;
• etacratic;
• lwezentlalo-professional;
• eklasini;
• zenkcubeko elingumqondiso;
• kwinkcubeko emisiweyo.

Kulo mzekelo, i kwingongoma nganye iyantlukwano zakho ngendlela ukubalaselisa umahluko ziya kuqinisekisa iintlobo zonke ezithile ngokwezinga zembali. Ubukhoboka, umzekelo, njengokuba uhlobo yembali njengoko njengenqobo engundoqo iya kuba ukwaba amalungelo ngabemi kunye nepropati, kwakunye nendlela nokuzimisela - ilungelo amakhoboka kunye ukunyanzela emkhosini.

Kuninzi ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: Iintlobo zembali ezithile ngokwezinga: Itheyibhile 1.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iintlobo zembali ezithile ngokwezinga - ubukhoboka, iindidi, amafa kunye neeklasi - ukwenza njalo imida ecacileyo phakathi kwabo. Umzekelo, ingqiqo ngokuphathelele ekukhethwa ukuba asetyenziswe kwinkqubo Indian ezithile ngokwezinga. Terms udidi musa kudibana kuyo nayiphi na enye thina inkqubo loluntu. Terms (bona nazo ababingeleli) banikwa amalungelo akhethekileyo kunye namalungelo abangenakuze ngakumbi nayiphi na enye udidi abemi. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba umbingeleli uthetha egameni likaThixo. Ngokutsho ngokwesithethe Indiya, i Brahmans zaye umlomo weNkosi uthole. Ezandleni zakhe zazenziwe okulwa, intloko leyo ingqalelo ukumkani. Le ndoda wayekwiqela ngokuphathelele ethile ukususela ekuzalweni akaba ungayitshintshi.

Kwelinye icala, abalimi isebenze zombini njenge ngokuphathelele eyahlukileyo, kunye njengeklasi. Noko ke, abazange bakwazi nabo kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini - esilula abazizityebi (osisityebi).

Ingcamango kwendawo lwentlalo

Eyaziwa kwabantu yasekhaya Pitirim Sorokin (1989-1968 GG.), Ukuphonononga iintlobo zembali ezithile ngokwezinga (yobukhoboka, iindidi, iiklasi), njengengqiqo isitshixo liqaqambisa "isithuba ekuhlaleni". Ngokungafaniyo indawo emzimbeni, kwezentlalo zibekwe kufutshane kwamanye amaziko ngalinye kwangaxeshanye ibekwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba uhlobo imbali ezithile ngokwezinga amaqela athile izifundo, loo nto ayithethi kuthi ukuba usondele indawo ukuya kwenye (P. Sorokin, "Human Impucuko Society ..").

indawo Social ngokombono Sorokin kaThixo yoyilo, kuquka lezamasiko nezithethe, inkolo, zobungcali kunye nezinye zithwala. Le indawo ke kakhulu ngaphezu kuluntu enzima kwaye imelwe yabelwe iintlobo zembali ezithile ngokwezinga (ebukhobokeni, kwaye nangokodidi t. D.). Sorokin kwakhona ubaphatha amanqanaba nkqo kwaye tyaba kwicandelo yendawo lwentlalo. kwinqanaba oxwesileyo iquka imibutho yezopolitiko, kwizinto zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo, imibutho yenkolo , njalo njalo nkqo -. Ukwahlula abantu ngokwemiqathango yobume oluneqela elinegunya kwiqela (entloko, amasekela, ayamileyo, amarhamente, abavoti, njl ...).

Njengendlela ezithile ngokwezinga Sorokin ibalaselisa ezifana kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, zobungcali. Ngaphakathi ngamnye kubo kukho inkqubo site ezithile ngokwezinga olongezelelweyo. Ngenxa yoko, le ngezentlalo French Emil Dyurkgeym (1858-1917 gg.) Ithatyathwa inkqubo yokuzahlula lwamaqumrhu ngaphakathi kwiqela umsebenzi ngokwemigqaliselo nkcukacha yomsebenzi wabo. Njengoko bebubalaselisa eyodwa osahluleyo izenzo ukusekwa phakathi kwabantu ababini okanye nangaphezulu nobunye. Ngelo xesha yena zobumnini umlinganiswa yakhe yokuziphatha (Durkheim, E., "division of function labour").

iintlobo kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga kunye nenkqubo yoqoqosho

Ngenxa yoko, le yezoqoqosho American Frenk Nayt (1885-1972 GG.), Kuqwalaselwa ezithile ngokwezinga phakathi iinkqubo zoqoqosho phakathi komsebenzi ongundoqo mbutho kwezoqoqosho yabela kulondolozo / ukuphuculwa ubume ekuhlaleni, ukukhuthaza inkqubela yezentlalo (F. Knight, "umbutho Economic" ).

Ulwalamano olukhethekileyo kwisigaba kwezoqoqosho kunye ezithile ngokwezinga zesifundo ubhala ngezoqoqosho US-Canadian Hungarian Karl Polanyi (1886-1964): "Umntu akenzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ezabo izinto kwi ubunini izinto eziphathekayo, oko lifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho wabo ekuhlaleni, amalungelo abo ezentlalo kunye nezibonelelo. izinto ezibonwayo efanayo ke walihlahlisa maqondana kuphela njengoko bekhonza le njongo "(Polanyi, K.," iNkampani kunye nenkqubo yoqoqosho ").

theory Class kwezesayensi social

Ngaphandle iimpawu ezithile noFaro kwi isosioloji wenza ukuba umahluko iintlobo ezithile ngokwezinga zembali. Iiklasi, umzekelo, kufuneka ohlulwe ingqikelelo kwiiklasi zentlalo. Phantsi ezinawo lwentlalo kuthetha umahluko ekuhlaleni phakathi kuluntu eziququzelelwe alungiswe (Radayev VV Shkaratan O, "ezithile ngokwezinga"). Ngenxa yoko, udidi ekuhlaleni liqela yonxulumano zezopolitiko zomthetho simahla yabemi.

Owona mzekelo idumileyo ithiyori leklasi samkelwe ukuba ingqikelelo Karla Marksa, isiseko apho - imfundiso isakhiwo lwentlalo noqoqosho. Ukutshintsha namabandla kukhokelela ukuvela iiklasi ezintsha, inkqubo entsha yentsebenziswano phakathi kwemikhosi nemveliso kunye nobudlelwane zemveliso. Kwisikolo Western lwezenhlalo, kukho inani beengcamango ezichaza iklasi njenge didi multi kumacala-, nto leyo yenza ukuba ingozi isusa umgca phakathi ingqiqo ka "Udidi" yaye "Ingxenye" (Zhvitiashvili A., "Le ukucaciswa ingcamango" udidi "in Western owayephila kwabantu ").

Ukususela isikhundla ezinye iintlobo iindlela zembali ezithile ngokwezinga lwezenhlalo kuthetha kwakhona yokuzahlula liphezulu (abakhethiweyo), oluphakathi kunye kwiiklasi asezantsi. Kwakhona oomahluko kunokwenzeka yeli candelo.

Ingcamango beklasi elite

Xa kwabantu, isigama elite ibonwa kunokuba antsonkothileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa kwithiyori ezithile ngokwezinga Randall Collins (1941), iqela labantu sikhethwayo njengoko abakhethiweyo, ukulawula abaninzi kangaka, kunye ingako nabani na athwale (Collins R. "ezithile ngokwezinga ngalo bemilo kwengcamango ungquzulwano"). Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), naye, yahlula umphakathi ziingcungcu (ephezulu ezinawo) kunye neelitu. iklasi Elite liquka amaqela amabini: nabaphetheyo sigqibo kunye nepravyaschaya.

Kubameli eliphezulu Collins ngokucalula nokwahlula iintloko oorhulumente, iinkokheli wemikhosi, oosomashishini anempembelelo, njalo-njalo. D. iimpawu ezizinzululwazi ezi ndidi azimisele, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ubude bexesha lo iklasi ngamandla: "Ku va ukulungela ukubheka uba intsingiselo yobomi, nokungalaleli ibonwa kule meko njengento lee" (Collins, R., "Le ezithile ngokwezinga ngalo bemilo kwengcamango ungquzulwano"). Ku fanele ku iklasi imisela iqondo kwamandla na umntu njengommeli walo. Kulo mzekelo, amandla kunokuba kwezopolitiko, kodwa kwezoqoqosho, ezenkolo kunye nesimo eceleni kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, i-data kwifom kunokunxulunyaniswa.

Okukodwa abakumgangatho ophakathi

Olu didi yamkelwe loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-isangqa amagcisa. Ingakumbi abakumgangatho ophakathi kukuba abameli balo ngexesha elifanayo babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo lawula kwezinye izifundo kwaye ilawulwe enye. Udidi oluphakathi kananjalo ezithile ngokwezinga yayo yangaphakathi: abakumgangatho ophakathi aphezulu kunye nabakumgangatho ophakathi elisezantsi ((abaculi, usebenza kuphela kunye namanye amagcisa, kwakunye ezinkulu oosomashishini, ngokusesikweni ezizimeleyo professionals ixhomekeke kubudlelwane nabathengi, amaqabane, abathengisi, njalo njalo.) abalawuli, abaphathi - abo kwi umda osezantsi kwi indlela yonxulumano bamandla).

AN Sevastyanov ephawula abakumgangatho ophakathi njengoko anti-revolution. Ngokutsho umphandi, loo nto wachaza into yokuba ophakathi-iklasi unento lako - ngokuchasiweyo mbuso. Isibakala sokuba abakumgangatho ophakathi idla kuthenga, lungafumaneka ngaphandle revolution. Kulo mba, abameli kolu didi abayikhathalelanga imiba yolwakhiwo ngokutsha yoluntu.

isigaba sabasebenzi Category

iintlobo kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga kusenezithuba iklasi ehlelo eyahlukileyo ukwahlula abasebenzi (iklasi angaphantsi kwanala aphakathi esikhundleni lwemigangatho yabasemagunyeni yoluntu). abameli balo ezingaqukwanga kwi inkqubo yonxibelelwano bombutho. Balwela ukuba niyinikele isikhundla ngqo kwaye uxhomekeke ibanika indawo ndlongondlongo ethile kulo mbono kunye nokuphonononga ngokuqhubekayo inkqubo loluntu.

Kuba iklasi asezantsi ebalasele sengqondo kuzimele maqondana ngokwabo kwaye ezabo izinto, ukunqongophala kobudlelwane ezinzile ekuhlaleni kunye nabo. Olu didi lubandakanya abasebenzi bethutyana, abangaphangeliyo t ngokusisigxina abahlelelekileyo. D.

Indlela yasekhaya nkolelo ezithile ngokwezinga

Inzululwazi social Russian njengoko kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo kwiindidi kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga. Amafa kunye kumahluko lwabo ekuhlaleni - sisiseko ingcamango yezentlalo yentanda-pre-olululo eRashiya, nto leyo kamva yabangela impikiswano eSoviet Union ukuya ku-imi- 60 lwekhulu XX.

Ukususela ekuqalekeni Khrushchev obuhle, umbuzo ezithile ngokwezinga kuxhomekeke ulawulo olungqongqo yembono ngurhulumente. Ngenxa yokuma koluntu ngabasebenzi kunye nabalimi, njengecandelo eyahlukileyo i umaleko abaziingqondi. Ngokusisigxina ezingqondweni karhulumente kuxhaswa ingcamango "rapprochement yeeklasi 'kwaye ukuyilwa" ukufana ekuhlaleni ". Nangona umxholo sama kunye nokuhlelwa kwi Urhulumente walunyathela ngeenyawo. Ukuqala zophando esebenzayo, into leyo iindidi kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga, ibekwe kwithuba hlengiso kunye nophuhliso emphakathini. Ukuqaliswa iinguqu zemarike ubomi bezoqoqosho karhulumente bafumana iingxaki ezinzulu kubume koluntu Russian.

Iimpawu kwamanani zihlelelekile

Kwakhona indawo ekhethekileyo iingcamango lwezenhlalo of ezithile ngokwezinga ithatha nje zisengelwa phantsi. Njengenxalenye science ekuhlaleni phantsi le ngcamango ngokuqhelekileyo kuqondwa "kwinqanaba eliphakathi phakathi kweeyunithi kwesakhiwo zentlalo, okanye isikhundla angaphantsi kwanala aphakathi esikhundleni iinkokeli" (Galsanamzhilova ON, "Xa lo mbuzo yokwenziwa kwabantu amakheswa xa noshowo kuluntu Russian").

Lo mqondo wesiNtu ukwahlula iintlobo ezimbini: eziseludinini-peripherality, marginality-nguqu. Kugcine ebalasele indawo eliphakathi lwe sifundo ngethuba lenguqu ukusuka kwenye indawo ekuhlaleni kunye nobume kwenye. Olu hlobo inokuba sisiphumo abakulo ngokwentlalo lwesifundo, kwakunye ngenxa kutshintshwe inkqubo zentlalo yoluntu kunye iinguqu ezinkulu endleleni yobomi lwesifundo, umsebenzi kunye nabanye. Unxibelelwano Social lutshatyalaliswe. Eyona uphawu olu hlobo sichazwa ngokuthi incompleteness kwenkqubo yenguqu (kwezinye iimeko, lo mba kunzima ukuqhelana inkqubo entsha zentlalo yoluntu - kukho uhlobo "beqinile").

Iimpawu ze marginality yoluvo na yokunqongophala qumrhu injongo yelo kuluntu ezithile zentlalo, ukutshatyalaliswa babantu elidlulileyo kwezentlalo. Xa beengcamango ezahlukeneyo lwezenhlalo lohlobo lwabantu ntli amagama afana "bangaphandle," "elinamandla," (Abanye ababhali - i "iziqalelo lumpen") "kuye umgxothwa.", Njl-sikhokelo theory ezithile ngokwezinga mihla, kufuneka ukhankanye iwonga ukungangqinelani - ukungahambisani; ukungafani iimpawu ezithile iwonga ekuhlaleni (inqanaba ingeniso, nomsebenzi, imfundo, njalo njalo. d.). Konke oku kukhokelela ukuba ukungalingani kwenkqubo ezithile ngokwezinga.

Imfundiso ezithile ngokwezinga kunye indlela ehlanganisiweyo

Imfundiso yanamhlanje kwinkqubo ezithile ngokwezinga woluntu sikwimo yotshintsho, wabangela zombini utshintsho nkcukacha iindidi zentlalo pre-ezikhoyo kwaye ukuyilwa leeklasi ezintsha (ikakhulu ngenxa yotshintsho lwezentlalo noqoqosho).

Ithiyori yokuhlalisana, leyo iqwalasela iindidi kwimbali ezithile ngokwezinga, torque ebonakalayo akuyi kuncitshiswa kudidi wokuhlala zimbini (njengoko kunjalo kwethiyori yeklasi sikhokelo theory abangabaxhasi bakaMarx), kunye uhlalutyo olubanzi lwezimo zonke izakhiwo kunokwenzeka. A indawo ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe inkqubo edibeneyo, ukuba siqwalasele ngokwahlukeneyo udidi ezithile ngokwezinga ngokwemiqathango ulwalamano lwabo. Kulo mzekelo, umbuzo kuluhlu kwezi ndidi kunye nohlobo ngempembelelo yazo enye kwenye njengenxalenye yenkqubo loluntu iyonke. Isisombululo sale ngxaki ibandakanya isifundo beengcamango ezahlukeneyo ezithile ngokwezinga ngaphakathi uhlahlelo lothelekiso, leyo uthelekisa iingongoma eziphambili ngasinye kwezi mbono.