Iintlafuno yamandulo eYiputa. Indawo Egypt: iitempile, amabhotwe, iinqaba

Egypt - omnye kuloo mazwe, utyelelo evumela ukuba azibonele ubuhle zamandulo, igcinwe intwana zobungangamela bokwakha.

Egypt yamandulo - ekuqaleni Impucuko yanamhlanje

Ku fanele ku kurhulumente yokuqala evelayo ehlabathini kwixesha elidlulileyo ekude (kwakukho ezimbalwa - ezo, iinkcukacha zisekhona kule ubudala). Avele kummandla East yamandulo apho zikhona wabulela neemeko zokuphila elungileyo (kwemozulu, ubukho imizimba yamanzi) ekuqaleni kwewaka III. BC. e. Ezi ziquka eMesopotamiya, Egypt, India ne-China.

Egypt yamandulo (sihlolisise ngokufutshane ngembali kweli lizwe) yayimi kwi umNayile River Valley. Kuphela on kunxweme yayo kunye kohlaza entlango ubomi bekunokwenzeka. Ezinye kummandla karhulumente yamandulo iyintlango. Yena wabonakala njenge ingozi enkulu kumaYiputa - phambili isanti, leyo kwafuneka ukuba alwe unyaka wonke kwaye uwine ilizwe endawni, iyoma umoya, eziqwenga lizwe ngo-Apreli noMeyi ... Kodwa kwangaxeshanye bethwele iyintlango kunye nenzuzo: bube negalelo kwinkqubo uluhlu kwintlambo lomlambo umanzi kunye nemozulu epholileyo ukuba ezolimo ngempumelelo, kwaye umqobo yendalo ekukuhlaseleni ukusuka kwamanye amazwe. Apha, ngasechwebeni loMnayile, Bathiwe wambu umhlaba omnyama wakhawula, kwabakho impucuko enkulu eYiputa, imisebenzi ezintle yobugcisa kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha zobungangamela abantu namhlanje siyonwabeleyo namhlanje.

abalawuli Elikhulu - ngumfuziselo oothixo emhlabeni

Bona - njengabanyulwa woothixo, abalamleli phakathi wezulu nomhlaba, iziko esingagunqiyo kweli lizwe. Imbali laseYiputa yamandulo uneminyaka engaphezu kwama amawaka amane, kwaye zonke ezi eminyaka ukuba liqumrhu single - urhulumente apho ixesha yavele.

ixabiso UFaro ezivakaliswe yokuba nokuza amandla yokumkani yaqalisa sexesha elitsha kunye a countdown elitsha kweli lizwe. Umlawuli, lo ngumfuziselo basemhlabeni uthixo Horus (Horus), ukuba ngomona qaphela phezu ubutyebi engundoqo ayinikwe koothixo - eYiputa. Yena nya ubundlobongela ububi, ndilizinzise isiko, umyalelo nemvisiswano.

Enye imisebenzi ephambili UFaro ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ngenxa oothixo enkulu. iitempile yamandulo Egypt wakha ngamanani amakhulu, badumisa uOsiris, Isis, Ra kunye thixo bambi. UFaro ngokwakhe zombini umbingeleli omkhulu, owenza izithethe zonqulo kunye nemibhiyozo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba oothixo onako ukuliva kuphela. Ngoko ke, iintlafuno yakudala kubaluleke kakhulu kubomi amaYiputa.

art

Ixesha uye wayilondoloza inxalenye encinane kuphela imisebenzi yobugcisa amaYiputa amandulo kuthi. Inani elikhulu izinto ezixabisekileyo wangcwatywa ooFaro kwi iiphiramidi, kodwa namhlanje wafumana kumangcwaba ookumkani zaye baphanga kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kuphela kokufunyanwa kwingcwaba Tutankhamun banika ihlabathi ingcamango ubuciko enkulu yala magcisa yamandulo, ababumbi bejewellery.

Apho ke, yintoni nkqu ukuphatha ixesha. Le yamandulo temples yaseYiputa iiphiramidi. Kakade ke, lo leminyaka edlulileyo bachaphazeleka kakhulu ukhuseleko lwabo kwaye ezinye izakhiwo bokwakha aphel. Kodwa kwakhona ukulondoloza iitempile bamandulo uyakwazi ukunika siqonde ubomi kumaYiputa nenkolo yabo. Ngenxa yokuba iindonga zezakhiwo zagutyungelwa esekelwe ekumane yokukhumbula ooFaro, yaye imibhalo ndibalisa izenzo zabo, ngoku siyazi lukhulu malunga nelo xesha.

bokwakha

Iingangamsha temples yamandulo zaseYiputa iiphiramidi omkhulukazi - ipateni esisiseko abakhi izakhiwo lokugqibela. Kukholelwa ukuba imbali yaqala kweli bokwakha lizwe. Ngenxa yokungabikho izixhobo zokwakha yehlathi apha lekalika, ilitye igranite yezitena yekrwada. Stone waya kusakhiwa iiphiramidi neetempile ngezitena wakha amabhotwe zibhuqwe neenqaba.

Inkalo izakhiwo baseYiputa kukuba wamatye lwenziwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izisombululo coupling. Ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweendonga iitempile kunye nemihlathi zazihonjiswe kunye esekelwe, amanani kunye imibhalo. Bonke bephela belifuzisela.

Jonga umsebenzi labazobi bamandulo kunokuba ifoto eYiputa ngokobuqu okanye. Iitempile kunye iiphiramidi, nkqu imifanekiso bagwayimbile e monumentality zabo, ubukhali imigca kunye nenzolo nobungangamsha.

Njengoko izakhiwo bokwakha yamandulo ezakhiwe

Iiphiramidi - enye iimfihlelo imbali umntu yanamhlanje kodwa ayikwazi isigqibo. Eneneni, yonke into enxulumene nabo - puzzle enye enkulu. Iingcali zenzululwazi ungaqinisekanga ukuba iiphiramidi zakhiwa njenge izakhiwo lengcwaba koFaro. zakhiwa njani kwabo, banikwe ukungabikho nayiphi na inkqubo ubuchwepheshe kunye nokunikezelwa iibhloko ilitye elikhulu - omnye imfihlelo iiphiramidi.

Ekwakhiweni iitempile yaziwa ngaphezulu kakhulu. Kukho iindidi ezintathu: enamatye, poluskalnyh kunye emhlabeni. Kugcine zakhiwa uhlobo oluthile. Baba amaxande engqongwe ziindonga eziphakamileyo. Ukusuka Nile ukuya etempileni idla oko kwakhokelela indlela, ukuba omabini amacala ezihonjiswe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo sphinxes. Izixhobo akazange kuyenza sisincoko agqitywa, zazakhiwe kumgaqo formoslozheniya - izakhiwo wajoyina phezulu omnye komnye.

Rock iitempile ibe olungaphambili sangaphezulu, namanye onke amagumbi usike eweni. izakhiwo Poluskalnyh ngokuyinxenye yakhelwe phezu kwamanzi, yaye inxalenye - emaweni.

iitempile element olugunyazisiweyo baba column. Kwiholo ye Karnak itempile ka 134. Bona basoloko ezotywe iinyanda oluBomvu.

Iintlafuno yamandulo eYiputa kungekho zifestile. Bona zagutyungelwa yi apertures ezincinane ngaphantsi kophahla.

Olugunyazisiweyo into olunga- iindonga tempile okanye enamathela kunye ipeyinti imizobo.

uFaro Great ababhinqileyo kunye ingcwele yayo

Enye izakhiwo ezininzi ezintle eYiputa - Hatshepsut Temple - yayakhelwe umlawuli omkhulu, wakhokela ilizwe ixesha yoBukumkani Entsha.

Ngokwembali le meko yamandulo ukuba amatyala nje ezimbalwa, xa amandla ocande ezandleni kwabasetyhini, kwaye yenzeka ngamaxesha lobunzima. Hatshepsut, kumkanikazi zohlobo, intombi ka-Thutmose mna, wayengumbingelelikazi eliphezulu Amun, leyo kakhulu wamnceda naye phezu izintso laseYiputa. Waba nomfazi womzalwana wakhe, Thutmose II, yaye emva kokufa komyeni wakhe kugula ukuze akhokele ilizwe.

Ukumkanikazi uFaro eyaziwa ngokuba umakhi. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe (iminyaka engama-22) yakhiwa iitempile ezininzi, iiobelisk, iitempile, bakha abahlaseli kutshatyalaliswa, ezikhumbuzo Hyksos.

itempile lengcwaba of Hatshepsut kubekwe ngakwintshona uAmoni, yaye libhekisela uhlobo poluskalnyh. Kumaxesha amandulo kuye ngokuba "Jeseru Jeseru" - "ingcwele engcwele," waza wayibiza ngokuba imbeko of Queen Hatshepsut, baza baqalisa kakhulu kamva.

Umakhi le ezimbaxa zokwakha zobungangamela yaba senenmut wezakhiwo uFaro enkulu ababhinqileyo kamva wayaleza kwimfundo intombi yakhe Nefrura. Le tempile yakhiwa ngo kwexesha irekhodi - engama-9. Wakrola emaweni, yaye kubonakala ukwandiswa yabo zendalo. It iqulathe masimu ezintathu ezinkulu, apho zibekwe enye ngezantsi enye ngasentla. Nganye kwintendelezo evulekileyo ingcwele. Kumaxesha amandulo, indlela eya ukuwasa yokuqala ngokufulelwa umthi yemore, ngokukodwa importations yaseYiputa. Ngokutsho ngokwesithethe, indlela ehonjisiweyo kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo sphinxes.

ubuhle ye itempile Hatshepsut ebilahlekile. Akavumela ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha kunye neenyikima. Ke ngoku, lo lesikhumbuzo yamandulo zobungangamela solo ngokuqatha of imigca kunye nobuhle.

Ubuhle yamandulo Luxor

monumentality nje kuphela kunye nobukhulu iiphiramidi odumileyo nga kuwabetha ke amaYiputa. itempile Karnak lunikezelwa uthixo Amon-Ra, yeyona complex inkulu yokwakha kweli lizwe.

Le ibekwe phezu kodonga lasekunene Nile kwilali encinane Carnac, neekhilomitha ezintathu ukusuka kwenye netempile - Luxor. Naye idibanisa Ilungiselelo elide, ehonjiswe kunye kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo sphinxes. Kumaxesha amandulo kwathiwa Ipet-Isut. It Ndazoyikisela itempile enkulu ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka.

Sanctuary sakhiwe imbeko uthixo Amon-Ra, kodwa kuquka nezinye iintlafuno oothixo baseYiputa - Khonsu, Ptah, Montu, Mut. Nazi ndlwana, iiobelisk emininzi, kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngoofaro kunye echibini engcwele.

Centre Temple of Karnak, ikratshi lakhe - kwiholo elikhulu columned. Yayakhelwe ebudeni bolawulo ooFaro Seti I kunye kaRamses II. Kukho 134 ziintsika, zimiswe ngokwemigca 16. Abo ezinkulu kufuneka ubude besakhiwo esinemigangatho-8.

Imilinganiselo le tempile omkhulu. It izindlu amabandla angaphezu kwama-30. Uninzi ndawo ivaliwe kubakhenkethi kuba akaluyeki ngabembi bezinto kunye nokubuyiselwa ezikhumbuzo yamandulo. Okwangoku, ngokoqobo ngeenyama zalo recreates i Avenue of the Sphinxes.

Indawo engcwele yehlabathi lamaKristu ezweni ooFaro

A ilizwe iicawa ezininzi - ukuze ngokuzithemba ubeluphawu eYiputa. Catherine Temple - enye zonqulo iziqu zeNgqobhoko - is on nommandla wayo. Isakhiwo sele ekho iminyaka 1600. Itempile yasekwa kwinkulungwane IV kwaye enqatyisiweyo, ngokomyalelo baseByzantium koMlawuli Justinian I ngenkulungwane VI.

Temple of St. Catherine eYiputa, wakha isibingelelo emazantsi eNtaba yeSinayi, apho, ngokwesithethe zeBhayibhile, uMoses evela kuThixo wabonakala kuye ngamalangatye Ukutshisa ehlathini, iMithetho Elishumi. Igama layo emva Christian enlightener Catherine, owayephila kwinkulungwane III, batyakatywa, iintloko ngezembe, ngenxa yokwala ukuba alahle ukholo kuKristu.

Catherine Temple - yidolophu encinane, kuquka eMonastri, itempile kunye namakhulu ezinye izakhiwo.

Abu Simbel

E Egypt, ungabona iitempile ezininzi yinzwakazi. Enye yazo umdla kuba oqingqiweyo kulo iliwa, kwaye kuphela olungaphambili phandle. Okunye ncam, le ezimbini iingcwele izibini: uFaro kaRamses II noKumkanikazi Nefertari. Enye injongo yazo - ukuchaza kumda osemazantsi karhulumente. Sanctuary idume eqingqiweyo zalo ezinkulu, obonisa uFaro kunye nomfazi wakhe.

isiphelo

Kwiitempile amandulo zaseYiputa indima ebalulekileyo kubomi yonqulo lizwe enkulu. Namhlanje, ixabiso yabo ixhomekeke ilifa lenkcubeko leyo abalimeleyo. zesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo ukuba umntu mihla ukubamba ngamaxesha amandulo kwaye wazi ngakumbi ngembali yaseYiputa yamandulo.