Polotsk seLizwe: imbali, imfundo. Culture of the seLizwe Polotsk

Emasimini yamandulo Belarus waba States ezincinane elinesibini ezimbalwa. Kodwa inkulu yaye eyona ntsingiselo ingqalelo Polotsk kunye Turov seLizwe. Phantsi kolawulo zabo amaphondo ezincinane. Ezifana Pinsk, Minsk, Vitebsk kunye nabanye. Kweli nqaku sijonga imbali yemfundo, inkcubeko kunye nabalawuli imfundo kwelikhulu-yaziwa kakuhle yoluntu - i seLizwe Polotsk.

Unga ukuva ukuba ubulawuli ka Polotsk - karhulumente lokuqala Belarusian. Ngoko ke. Ngapha koko, ukukhankanywa yokuqala imvelaphi unxulumano feudal abe kumhlaba Polotsk. Kwaba apha, kwi indlela edumileyo amanzi "ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda", uMbumbi lo ubulawuli inamandla izizwe Belarusian (Radimichi Krivichi Dregovichi).

ukubunjwa

Njengokuba kakuhle kwakukho ulawulo lwe Polotsk emazweni Belarusian? Ngelishwa, impendulo yalo mbuzo akwenzeki kakuhle. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akusalanga imithombo ebhaliweyo okanye ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala, apho umntu owayenokugqiba xa kwasekwa seLizwe Polotsk yaqala. Ababhali-mbali assumptions kuphela. Kunye nethiyori iqhelekileyo kuthiwa kwinkulungwane IX. Kwaba ngelo xesha unyamalale amangcwaba ezidityanelweyo (iikiriva elide). Endaweni yoko, kwakukho udonga wedwa, ubuncinane - nesithandwa sakhe. Izazinzulu zichaza le nto buthathaka enamandla inzala kunye amaqhina zezizwe. Ukongezelela, oko kwinkulungwane IX, oko yaqala ukubonakala umahluko iklasi phakathi emangcwabeni. Ezinye zazihonjiswe kunye eninzi, ngoxa abanye - lula kakhulu. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukungalingani propati.

Isizwe ukwahlulwa zibe izityebi namahlwempu kukhokelele ukuvela asebukhosini, ngubani Exanda namanye amalungu oluntu, kwaye uganga igunya. Yezikhulu, ke, wema baphuma iinkosana zendawo. Ke ayemi ngokwabo, isemzini onodonga, ezibe ekhuselekileyo kunye ngokwezizwe zabo. Ngoko ke, kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane IX zithandwa yesizwe Krivichy wakha isixeko kwindawo apho umlambo ibe Polota Western Berezina. Apha, ukususela elumelwaneni eqokelelwe lerhafu.

imizi Mother Belarusian

History of the seLizwe Polotsk iqala ngaxeshanye kunye nokudalwa isixeko Polotsk. Sisihlandlo sokuqala esemthethweni idolophu bobabo kunyaka 862. Noko ke, ababhali-mbali bathi ukuba wabonakala kakhulu ngaphambili. Ngoko ke, inxalenye engenalo le "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" (i umlando yamandulo zamazwe Slavic) ukhankanya igama "Polotsk" ngaxeshanye "Kriviches". Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba kwanaxa Krivichy anikezele urhulumente eyahlukileyo nekomkhulu yayo Polotsk. Kudala phambi kokuba Vikings yokuqala ukuvela emhlabeni, yaye yakha urhulumente Old Russian.

City wafumana igama layo ngenxa komlambo, nto leyo ukwakweli iibhanki. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, kufutshane zokusonjululwa omlambo athululela Polota Western Berezina.

indawo

Polotsk and Turov nazilawuli zabekwa kumazwe engazaliyo kakhulu. Kodwa Polack inomnye inzuzo ebalulekileyo. Nantsi ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo ebalulekileyo Berezina, Dvina kunye Neman. Oko kukuthi, indlela amanzi 'ukusuka Vikings ukuya namaGrike. " Oku kube negalelo nje kuphela uphuhliso lorhwebo kunye uqoqosho kurhulumente, kodwa yabangela ubunzima yokufudukela bezinye izizwe neentlanga ezweni Polotsk. Yaye ummandla ubulawuli Wayengqongwe amahlathi kuyo, nto leyo wakhonza njengomkhuseli oluthembekileyo ezintshabeni. Kunye Polochans iintshaba uyiqwebe kunye ngakumbi nangakumbi qho ngonyaka. Ekubeni seLizwe ulawulo iindlela zorhwebo akaluthandi namazwe angabamelwane - Kiev ne Novgorod. Yeyiphi ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela iimbambano sobummandla kunye kwegazi enkulu.

Polotsk iye yaquka kungekuphela nje ilizwe Polotsk, kodwa yinxalenye yommandla Dregovichi, Lithuanian kunye nezizwe Finnish. Polochans ahlala kuyo i Dvina Western, canvases, kwakunye kumadama Berezina, Neman kunye Svisloch. Ubume ubulawuli ziquka izixeko ezikhulu ezifana Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Borisov, Logoisk, Zaslavl, Drutsk, Lukoml kunye nabanye. Ngoko ke, ebudeni iinkulungwane IX-XIII ukuba urhulumente enkulu kunye enamandla yaseYurophu.

wokuqala Prince

Sisihlandlo sokuqala mlawuli lowo iinguqulelo ulawulo lwe Polotsk, kwisiqingatha sesibini X kwekhulu. Njengoko kuchaziwe Chronicle, "valadaryu, trymau i knyazhyu Ragvalod Polatskayu zyamleyu".

Norman Rogvolod "weza evela elwandle", yaye walawula ukususela 972 978 ngonyaka. Eli xesha ithathwa Inqanaba lokugqibela le-zokusekwa kwe-seLizwe Polotsk. Urhulumente lenze imida yayo, inkqubo esibekwe yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo, kwasekwa umkhosi onamandla, waqalisa ukuba babe zorhwebo. Le ongundoqo zembali kunye iziko yaba isixeko Polotsk.

Princess ngamagama amathathu

History of the seLizwe Polotsk - imbali yomzabalazo inkululeko, oko ekugqibeleni kulahlekileyo. Ngoko ke, ngo-980, emazweni babegqalwa njengenxalenye karhulumente Old Russian. I seLizwe iye yaba kwiqhezu leengxoxo phakathi alwayo ngoko Novgorod naseKiev.

Njengoko kuchaziwe Chronicle, ngo-978, Prince Rogvolod ukomeleza kwimida imeko, wagqiba ukunika intombi yakhe prince of Kiev Rogneda Jaropolk, bemkhanyela ngelo xesha Vladimir Svyatoslavich (umlawuli evela Novgorod Rurik Minor). Ayikwazanga ukuma ukuthotywa, uVladimir nkobe Polotsk, bambulala Rogvolod noonyana bakhe bobabini, kunye Rogneda ngenkani wathabatha umfazi wakhe ngokunika igama lakhe Gorislava. Ke INkosana Novgorod, wayithimba Kiev waza wamsa Polotsk inkolo entsha - ubuKristu.

Ngokutsho "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" kwi Rogneda kunye Vladimir wayenoonyana abane: Izyaslav (Prince of Polotsk), Yaroslav Mudry (ePrince of Kiev kunye Novgorod), Vsevolod (Vladimir-Volyn prince) kunye Mstislav (Chernigov Prince). Njengoko kunye neentombi ezimbini Premislava, owathi kamva watshata Laszlo Baldy (Ugric ukumkani), kunye Predslava, waba ngumfazi Boleslaw III i-Red (Czech Prince).

Emva Rogneda Vladimir wazama ngokumbulala kunye nonyana wakhe Izyaslav (uxolo ngaphambi kokuba uyise wakhe nonina) bathunyelwa e Polotsk, umzi Izjaslavl. Inkosazana wasisusa isigqubuthelo, wathabatha igama lesithathu - Anastasia.

Izidalwa i seLizwe Polotsk

Abahlali 988 Izjaslavl wamema Rogneda, unyana kunye Vladimir Izjaslava ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe. Yena waye waduma elinomnombo-umbhali kunye umhambisi iinkolelo ezintsha, ubuKristu, emhlabeni Polotsk. Kuthathela Izyaslav isebe elitsha kwi Rurik ubukhosi - Izyaslavich (Polotsk). Inzala ka Izyaslav, ngokungafaniyo oonyana nabazalwana bakhe, wagxininisa nomini zabo Rogvolod (lukamama). Babezibiza Rogvolodovichami.

Izyaslav wafa young (ngo-1001), wasinda unina Rogneda kuphela unyaka omnye. Polotsk ubulawuli waqalisa ukulawula unyana wakhe omncinane Bryachislav Izyaslavich. Kude 1044 umlawuli olwenziwe umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe ejoliswe ekwandiseni ilizwe. Ukuthatha ithuba embambanweni kunye buthathaka Russia, Bryachislav hlasi Novgorod kunye neminyaka emihlanu zibanjwa amandla kunye umalume wakhe Yaroslav Izazi. Ngelo xesha yayakhiwe yaye isixeko Bryachislavl (Braslav namhlanje).

kweentyatyambo

Ubude kwamandla yayo ubulawuli of Polotsk ngo 1044-1101 gg., Ngexesha lokulawula Vseslava Veschego, unyana Prince Brjachislav. Ukwazi ukuba uya kulwa ubomi nokufa, inkosana de yee nenani-60 leminyaka XI wayelungiselela imfazwe - idolophu enqatyisiweyo, wawuqokelela umkhosi. Ngoko ke, Polotsk wafuduselwa ibhanki lasekunene Dvina Koloni, ukusa emlonyeni Polota.

Vseslav Polotsk baqala ukwandisa kude umhlaba lasentla, izizwe axhatshazwe aseLatgale kunye Liv. Noko ke, ngo-1067, xa onyuka Novgorod aziphumelelanga, umthetheli noonyana bakhe yathinjwa Izyaslav Yaroslavich, waza wayithimba urhulumente. Kodwa kamva ngonyaka kubantu abaziinjubaqa wakhulula Vseslav, yaye ukwazi ukwenza emhlabeni elilahlekileyo.

Nge 1069 for 1072 le ubulawuli ka Polotsk wakhokela imfazwe ongenalusini kwaye anegazi kunye eKiev akwa. It yathinjwa ESmolensk ulawulo, kwakunye inxalenye yentsimi Chernigov emntla. Kuloo minyaka, abemi Njengekomkhulu ubulawuli waba abantu abangaphezu kwama amabini amawaka.

eziwayo

Emva kokufa Vseslav ngo-1101, noonyana yakhe bahlukahluka abemi ubulawuli ibe fiefdoms: Vitebsk, Minsk, Polotsk, Logoisk kunye nabanye. Kwaye ngo 1127 unyana Vladimira Monomaha, usebenzise umahluko phakathi abathetheli, oyisa limisiwe Polotsk. Izyaslavich wathathwa ikhonkxwa, koko lemithombo ngokupheleleyo eseByzantium elikude. Ngoko ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII ngegunya seLizwe Polotsk kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele ekugqibeleni wawa, yaye inxalenye nemimandla bambamba Novgorod kunye Chernigov.

Kwinkulungwane XIII e Polotsk yantlitha ingxaki entsha - i-Order of Ngekrele, owathi kamva waba Livonian. Right ngoko Prince Vladimir of Polotsk balwa Crusaders iminyaka engaphezu kwama amabini, kodwa ukuba ayeke kubo wayengekho phantsi amandla. Yaba ekuqaleni kwesiphelo geqe. Kwaye ngo 1307 Polotsk yaba yinxalenye ye -Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Culture of the seLizwe Polotsk

Oku le ubulawuli ube yindawo apho wazalelwa khona sokumiswa Belarusian kunye nenkcubeko kunye nokubhala. Nge Polotsk ezinxulumene amagama afana Evfrosiniya Polotskaya, Lazar Bogsha, Frantsisk Skorina, KIRILL Turovsky noSimon of Polotsk. Bona ikratshi uhlanga Belarusian.

Nokufika ubuKristu Polotsk bokwakha waqalisa ukuba. Ngoko ke, lo ilitye lokuqala omkhulu isakhiwo waba Polotsk St. Nozipho Cathedral, wakha kwi-1050 yee-. Kwaye ngo 1161 i othengisa Lazar Bogsha wadalwa wobugcisa yobugcisa obusetyenziswayo nokuxubana zasempumalanga - a Euphrosyne unique emnqamlezweni. XIII leminyaka yaba lixesha apho kwakukho ulwimi Belarusian.