Igrafite: indawo yokudibanisa, iipropati kunye nesicelo

I-Graphite ibhekisela kumaminerali asebenze ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyisiko ukudibanisa kunye nezinto ezinemibala, kodwa oku akunciphisi amathuba akhe. Ngelo xesha, umntu akakwazi ukuthetha ngokusetyenziswe kweli phepha, kuba isakhiwo sayo esitywebile sichaza ububanzi besicelo. Yaye oku akukhankanyi imfuneko yokudala iimeko ezizodwa zokucubungula. Inyani kukuba ukushisa kwe-graphite kwi degrees Celsius kungafikelela kuma-2800 ° C, okufuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla akhethekileyo okuveliswa kwemveliso yokugqibela.

Iipropati zegraphite

Phakathi kweempawu ezisemgangathweni zolu mmbiwa yi-conductivity ye-thermal, amandla okusebenza njengomqhubi wamandla kagesi kunye nokuthoba kwesakhiwo, kodwa, kodwa, akusoloko ihamba kunye neemveliso ze-graphite. Ngokubhekiselele ekuqhubeni kwe-thermal, ingafikelela kuma-2400 W / (m * K) okanye ngaphezulu. Esi sibonakaliso sincike kwisakhiwo kunye nobuninzi bezinto eziphathekayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-graphite, enefuthe layo eliphuma kwi-2500 ukuya ku-3000 ° C, linesakhiwo esincinane. Oku kunokuba luncedo ukuchazwa ngakumbi kweempawu ze-mineral wire, kodwa unyango lwe-thermal luyanciphisa impawu zamandla. Ngenxa yoko, i-graphite inokusebenza njengetsimbi kwiinkqubo zokuqhuba umbane, kodwa ngenxa yokungafihli kwayo ayiyi kufaneleka ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinzima zokusebenza.

Kwakhona, i-amaminerali iyahlukana nokusebenzisana nabo kwizinto ezinokuthi zisebenzise, apho iiriti kunye nezinyithi ze-alkali. Enyanisweni, oku kuxhomekeke kwiimeko apho igrafite ifumaneka khona. I-melting point of about 2800 ° C (apho i-mineral inxulumene ne-oksijeni) ingakhokelela ekushiseni kwayo ngaphambi kokubunjwa kwe-carbon dioxide.

Iphulo lokuxuba

Iqondo lokushisa apho kunokwenzeka khona ukufumana ukuhlanganiswa kwegraphite kakhulu. Kuninzi kuxhomekeke kumzekelo kwimisebenzi yokugqibela yalo msebenzi. Uluhlu lweqondo lokushisa luya kugqiba neemeko zangaphandle, kunye neempawu zokubunjwa kwamaminerali athile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezongezelelweyo zesenzo kwi-graphite ngexesha lokunyanga kwamafutha. Indawo yokuqhafaza apho i-graphite ekulungele ukusetyenziswa ifumaneka ivela kwi-2,600 ukuya kuma-3,800 ° C. Ukubalwa kwinqanaba likaKelvin lenziwa. Kule meko, sele sele ifinyelela ku-4000 ° K, kodwa le xabiso linokunyuka ngokuxhomekeka kwikhowudi yengcinezelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-graphite iyanyibilika ngoxinzelelo lwe-105 - 130 ibha.

Indawo yokubilisa

Isidingo sokonyuswa kobushushu kubangelwa ukuba amaqumrhu athambekele ekuguquleni ukusebenza kwezinto eziphathekayo ukwenzela ukudala iimveliso ezinempumelelo. Izindlela ezingaqhelekanga ezisetyenziselwa ukuzisa amaminerali ukuba abilise, kodwa kwakhona ziphucula izakhiwo ezithile zesakhiwo. Umbuzo woluphi udidi lwe-melt and point of burning of graphite, ngokuqhelekileyo lubandakanya ukucacisa uluhlu olufanayo - ukusuka ku-3800 ukuya ku-4200 ° C. Umngcele ophantsi unquma i-melting state, kwaye iphezulu ichaza indawo yokubilisa yento. Kwakhona, ngokuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zegraphite kunye neendidi zayo, iimeko ze-thermal action ngokufumana imeko efunwayo yamaminerali - ukupheka okanye ukuncibilika-kunokuguqulwa.

Ubuchwepheshe bokufumana

Cishe zonke iimveliso zegraphite ziphantsi kokusebenza kokusebenza ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwazo kokugqibela. Indlela yokuvelisa ichongiwe yizinto ezahlukeneyo zegraphite. Njengomthetho, umahluko kwiindlela zenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kumphumo weqondo lokushisa. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokufudumala umxube we-pitch kunye ne-coke, i-Acson's graphite ifumaneka. Amanqaku ancibilikayo kunye abilayo kule meko aya kuba ngama-2800 no-4200 ° C, ngokulandelanayo. Inkqubo ye-thermomechanical yokunyanga umxube we-coke iquka ukungcola kunye nemilinganiselo yokufudumala efanayo - umahluko nje kuphela ekusebenziseni i-carbide-forming components. Indlela ye-pyrolysis iyisalathisi esiphantsi kwonyango lokushisa. Kule meko, i-graphite yemvelo iguqulwa kwi-hydrocarbons gaseous in vacuum kwi-1500 ° C. Ngexesha elifanayo, iindlela zokupholisa ukulungiselela ukuxubusha isiseko semveliso yokuvelisa i-graphite nazo ziqhelekile. Olu buchwepheshe buquka ukutshiswa komlilo, kwindlela inkqubo yokupholisa i-iron mass is slow.

Ukusetyenziswa kwegrafu

Iipropati zegraphite, njengoko sele ziphawulwe, zamvumela ukuba afumane isicelo esikhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Isetyenziswe ekuveliseni i-electrode, iipensele, izixhobo zokukhusela, izixhobo zokulinganisa izinto kunye nokucoca. Iimpawu zethempeli zeemigodi zenza ukuba luncedo kwiziko leziko. Ngokomzekelo, iiplati zokugaya kunye nokuyibilika kwe-crucible zenziwe ngegraphite. Kodwa nakhona apha kuxhomekeke kwiindidi ezithile apho igrafite inikwe khona. Ngokomzekelo, i-melting point of certain types of material, i-2600 ° C, ayivumeli ukuba isetyenziswe kwiinkampani zonyango zotshisa. Kodwa izakhiwo ze-electrochemical zivumela ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezininzi ze-graphite njengezixhobo zeziko lolawulo.

Isiphelo

Izixhobo ze-graphite zingathathwa njengento eguquguqukayo yokusetyenziswa kwamashishini ahlukeneyo. Iimpawu zendlela yokusebenza kombane kunye nefuthe, nangona zikufuphi nezicatshulwa zomzimba kunye nezenzo ezinokuthobeka zokuthembeka, kodwa zivule amathuba amaninzi okusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo kweemaminerali. Ukususela kumbono wendlela yokusebenza kwimizi-mveliso, i-melting point of graphite in degrees, engumyinge we-2800 ° C, ayibalulekanga. Ukuququzelela inkqubo yokuchonga okanye ukubilisa izinto ezinokubilisa kunokukwazi ukufikelela nakwamashishini amancinci abandakanyekayo ekuveliseni ukufakelwa kwe-electrochemical. Enye into kukuba ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo kwi-graphite akufuneki kuphela ukucubungula kwamafutha.