I 'zokuhlala zomkhosi "Arakcheev: yokuguqula elungileyo nengalunganga koko

zokuhlala Military olwalukho eRashiya kwixesha ukususela 1810 ukuya 1857, le nkqubo yenzelwe ukunika reserve umkhosi xa imfazwe. ukuphunyezwa sayo sahlukile Izichasi kunye oluninzi kinks.

ngumba

Zokuhlala yokuqala eyayikho eRashiya kudala ngaphambi kokuba Alexander I. Kule XVII-XVIII eminyaka wabonakala phezu ongaphandle karhulumente ukukhusela umphakathi evela mbuya, owayehlala ukuya emzantsi nasempuma kwe imida yelizwe. Maxa wambi, a lot of zokuhlala zomkhosi baba phezu iVolga, kummandla Orenburg kwaye eCaucasus. Abaninzi kubo ekupheleni wolawulo uCatherine Omkhulu aye ohlulwa. Eli joni yabelwa amajoni Cossack. Umntu iye ihlanganiswe ne labemi yesiqhelo ezidolophini.

Xa amandla engena 1801, Alexander I, wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele inkqubo umkhosi endala (kuphela kwifom ehlaziyiweyo, yaye ezinye iinjongo). umbhexeshi oyintloko ohlaziya ukumkani wayalela okuyo yakhe - Bala Alekseya Arakcheeva. Grandee ekuqaleni zange ndifuna ukuthatha le unobangela, kodwa wavuma, esoyika ngenye ukuphulukana kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba negalelo umlawuli oselula.

Ukuqeshwa zokuhlala zomkhosi

Yintoni aphefumlelwa zokuhlala zomkhosi? Yena arakcheev emva inkosi yakhe ukuba yayikhokelwe amava Prussia. Kukho ikhona inkqubo kakuhle aziwa Wezomkhosi Reserve, eyasetyenziswa kwimeko yongquzulwano ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

Kungenxa wemvula ngokukhawuleza imikhosi yexesha likaxakeka kwaye kwakufuneka zokuhlala zomkhosi. Arakcheev koko, kwafuneka ukuba anikele inkqubo Alexander Pavlovich, eya ukususa ilizwe emkhosini eziphelelwe lixesha.

mali Help

Ukuba yimpumelelo, Ushintsho emkhumbini ukonga ukulungiswa abaza kuzisebenzisa. Enyanisweni, ibe ifoun, ukuba nizalise mali. Umlawuli wafuna ukubuyisela imali akhululwe kwaye uthumele ukuba utshintsho kwezolimo. Okokuqala, Alexander waba nexhala ngentlawulelo abalimi evela abaqeshisi kunye babancede sizohlukana serfdom (kamva kwaba kuphela aseBalti kunye Finland).

Yini enye ukunceda zokuhlala zomkhosi Arakcheev? Iminyaka ngeminyaka, ezintlwini ephantsi emkhosini gqolo sihlupheka imeko embi zemali kunye bodwa kusapho. Ukuhlaziywa kufuneka kulungisa le meko. Xa yokuhlala zomkhosi wamajoni, hayi kuphela ukukhonza ilizwe lakhe, kodwa wahlala kunye nosapho lwakhe, kwangaxeshanye ukuba kwifama yakhe. Ivumela usapho ukuba nenxaxheba nokulinywa komhlaba, izityalo ezikhula, njalo njalo. D. Nge yokuziphatha efanelekileyo kwiifama oluncedisayo ijoni ke ukudla kwakhe, nkqu umhlala-phantsi.

Ukuqala kuphuculo

Ngowe-1810 kwafika zokuhlala yokuqala. Arakcheev oyimisele iprojekthi umboniso musketeer butho kwiphondo Mogilev. Bala ngokwakhe yaqulunqa isicwangciso ityala, ukulungiselela imizobo njalo njalo. D. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule wezoMhlaba ukuba abalimi, owayesele ngaphambili Nadla ubuncwane emhlabeni, apho kwakukho amajoni ababenaye umthetho karhulumente kwenye indawo kwiphondo esemazantsi.

Ngokwesi sicwangciso, kuphela inani elisezantsi (zangasese, amagosa non-ethunywe) ihlaliswe zokuhlala zomkhosi. Arakcheev wayalela ukuba baqale bakhethe kuphela amajoni kakuhle nokuma okuhle. Njengokuba ezoqoqosho baba ukukhokela intsapho zokuhlala ezintsha waya abaqeshwa becala otshatileyo. Zimbalwa sokuqala bayalelwa ukuba tie ngeqhina lomtshato kunye umlimi yasekuhlaleni. Kuyo yonke le nto urhulumente wada wanikela ngaphandle uncedo lwemali kwi bahluphekileyo zabucala, ukuze babe nako ukutshata uze uthenge izinto ezincinane ezifama. Treasury kwakhona kwabelwane izixhobo zolimo, iimbewu kunye nemfuyo.

Ukususela imbonakalo zesicwangciso ephepheni ethile Alexander omalunga Akunganqandeki ukwenza eli linge, kodwa umlawuli emibonweni waphikelela (oko, yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba naye esakhula). Umlawuli wayenethemba ukuba ukusekwa zokuhlala zomkhosi, kuya kuvela iklasi entsha zentlalo eRashiya, nto leyo eza kuxhasa utshintsho zobunene kwamandla ezicwangcisiweyo.

Emva kokuba War of 1812

Ngenxa War okwadala 1812 ukuqaliswa zokuhlala zomkhosi wamiswa. Arakcheev yakwazi ukubona ngawakhe indlela butho kwakhe Mogilev, ngowokuqala ukuzama phandle i guqula, kulwelwa ngaphambili. Yayifakwe emkhosini. Xa ixhoba yamajoni babuyela kokuhlaliswa kwabo emkhosini, kwafumaniseka ukuba kwaba nobudlova yi abalimi. Ukongeza, elikwisikhundla esiphezulu baba bamafama ahluphekileyo. Zange baqhele umsebenzi wokulima.

Treasury ekuqaleni ukuba zilimale kakhulu. Ke Umlawuli wagqiba ukwenza utshintsho abathile emkhosini zokuhlala Arakcheev. Ngokufutshane, babelala kukuba ukususela mzuzu abasemagunyeni abasekho zingafuni abalimi, phambi kokuba abahlala kwelo lizwe, apho kanye bahlala butho. Ngaphezu koko, abantu bendawo ungashiywanga kuphela kwiindawo zabo zomthonyama, kodwa wabhalisa kwiindawo zokuhlala yasemkhosini. Kuvumelekile ukuba ngokulalisa engile kwezoqoqosho - uqoqosho ukuze athwale izityalo etyebileyo ekhohlo ukuya nokwanela.

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Phantsi imithetho iintsapho amajoni kwafuneka ukuba isiqingatha vuno-mali ngokubanzi (enye akwazi ukulahla ngokwengqiqo yalo). Agriculture nqanda imithetho engqongqo, leyo yayisekelwe ukunganqondwa Arakcheeva umsebenzi emhlabeni.

Abasemagunyeni baye bazama ukunceda amajoni ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kwi ndawo alahlwa bezithanga German ukuba wayenazo ubungcali obuyimfuneko zobugcisa. Noko ke, amacebiso zabo isiphumo. Ekupheleni kobukumkani Alexander I, amatyotyombe ngonyaka anike million 35 engange zengeniso, ngelixa wokulondoloza imali ichithwe kuzo 26 Kodwa ngeli nqanaba yomkhosi ayikho kude kube sekupheleni iindleko hinkwavo.

Igama elithi ezintlwini ezisezantsi ubomi

Ukuhlaziywa adumileyo zokuhlala zomkhosi Arakcheev kuchaziwe ngokwemigaqo ezintsha wamajoni nkonzo. A umhlali zokuhlala zasemaphandleni umhlala-phantsi emva kweminyaka engama-45. Ukuba uthe wenzakala kakhulu kwi umlo, indoda zibonakaliswa nezibonelelo zikarhulumente abakhubazekileyo kwaye ufumane.

Ukuba elithile abantwana ngaphandle kweli lizwe, nikhonze emkhosini, uya kubanika ilizwe, elo ilifa evela kurhulumente. Abantu abakhubazekileyo imisebenzi emhlabeni akhululwa, kodwa ke ndafumana umsebenzi wasendlini kwizibhedlele kunye namanye amaziko oluntu, apho umsebenzi wabo bangenakuzisa inzuzo kwezentlalo.

abaphathi kunye namajoni Ubuhlobo

Yintoni enye yabalasela ukusekwa zokuhlala zomkhosi? AA Arakcheev baphikelela into yokuba ubomi babahlali kwafuneka kulawulwa ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi ephule ezingephi imimiselo kunye neminye imimiselo bohlwaywe ngokuqatha (kubandakanywa benza isohlwayo sokubetha).

Bonke ukusebenza kumhlaba ilawulwa ngabasemagunyeni. Ngoko njengoko abadala ngenxa ixakeke ngokumandla akazange abe nexesha ukufundisa imbewu, abantwana nabo ikakhulu phantsi kolawulo ngurhulumente (kwizikolo kunye namanye amaziko ezizodwa). Ukuba iintombi ukhule ukutshata ngokuvisisana isigqibo ngayo ngabasemagunyeni.

Ulawulo kunye namagosa yayahluke zokunyoba kunye nokuba mathidala lokuhlolisisa umbuzo balime. Yaba ingxaki systemic. Ukudalwa zokuhlala yokuqala phantsi kobunkokheli Arakcheev kukhokelele kwimeko enjalo, kuba akukho Count okanye namahlakani akhe baye banyamezela yokuziphatha engagunyaziswanga phathi. Ngenxa yoko, amajoni baqalisa ukukhula ukunganeliseki.

zaqalwa

Yempixano ezininzi lukhokelele ekumiselweni kwe zokuhlala zomkhosi. Arakcheev ngo-1831, wafumana umyalezo echaza ukuba mvukelo yaqala kwiphondo Novgorod. Amajoni naphambi ukuba aneliseke kunye nabasemagunyeni, kodwa ngoku ke abachasene ezingalweni ulawulo leyo. Isizathu sokuba ekunyukeni uxinzeleko yaba bhubhane sorhudo. Abasemagunyeni, ukwenzela ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezifo, avale imigwaqo lonke European Russia.

amarhe yaqala yokwanekela ngokubanzi zokuhlala zomkhosi ukuba ulawulo ngokwayo yosulela ngokukodwa amajoni, ukonakalisa isonka kunye namanzi. zaqalwa ikholera kwaqhambuka Staraya Russa. Okokuqala, abasemagunyeni basabela sluggishly ukuya siganeko, bekholelwa ukuba iikampu basekuhlaleni ngokwabo ukumelana ukunganeliseki. Enyanisweni, uvukelo kuphela wakhula. Ngo-Agasti 1831 kwi kwezithandani UDUSHE baya umkhosi rhoqo. Emva kokuba zaqalwa abathintela nakujoliso olutsha, waqala u khomiwile. Bangaphezu kwama namawaka amathathu enetyala.

Ukuvela zezithili

Alexander I wafa ngowe-1825, kodwa ezihlangwini zakhe kunye nomnakwabo omncinane, uNicholas mna, nakuba zonke dubiousness kuphuculo, bagqiba ukugcina zokuhlala zomkhosi. Noko ke, waqonda ukuba icebo zokuhlala zomkhosi asanelanga ngokupheleleyo. Ekuqaleni kobukumkani bakhe wathunywa ukuba ukuphuhlisa projekthi yotshintsho.

Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1831 (ngokomyalelo eliphezulu umlawuli), owayesakuba zokuhlala wamajoni zaguqulwa ibe ngamajoni District. Baye Uyekile ukwenza yipropati regiments. La majoni bahlala kwizithili ngokuvumelana nemigaqo doaleksandrovskim. Umzekelo: kwizithili ezintsha kwiphondo 14 Novgorod. Le kuhlaziyo becala ibinyanzeliswa zaqalwa sorhudo Kusanda.

Kokuphathwa zokuhlala zomkhosi

Ngo-1855 waqalisa ubukumkani Alexander II. Lo mlawuli wangumlawuli kwimeko enzima. Russia walahlekelwa kweMfazwe iCrimea, kwaye uqale emaxongo kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. uyise Alexander ka- Nicholas I yayahlukile emithethweni kakhulu. Kwiminyaka engamashumi wobukumkani bakhe, phantse akazange ukutshintsha karhulumente kunye nesakhiwo lempi lizwe. Ngeli xesha, iindlela ziqulunqwe Alexander I, eziphelelwe lixesha. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yoku, yaye uphelelwe War iCrimea.

Phakathi kwezi era ezidilikileyo endala kunye nabalinganiswa imizana zomkhosi Arakcheev. Nobubi le nkqubo iye uyalelwe ukuba ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha igosa kunye nombhali nguDmitry Stolypin. Kuba oku, waya eCaucasus, apho ngelo xesha yaba zokuhlala zomkhosi inkulu. The Umhloli wabona umfanekiso elusizi. Abantu balapha bahlala kwiimeko kuxinana kakhulu, abaninzi nkqu nabafuyileyo. Izakhiwo abaneminyaka kwakufuneka ukulungiswa ukuba uNondyebo wayengenayo imali. Ngamanye amazwi, le uqoqosho amathanga empi azincedi lutho, waba umthwalo kwezoqoqosho. Ukubuyela eSt Petersburg, Stolypin wabelana akuphawuleyo nokumkani. Ngowe-1857, uAlexander II wagqiba ukuvala zokuhlala zomkhosi. Ngenxa yoko, Arakcheeva uyilo zokuhlala zomkhosi khona iminyaka engama-47.