I-Mutualism yi ... Iintlobo zobudlelwano bobudlelwane

I-Mutualism yintsebenziswano yezinto eziphilayo ezikhuthaza ukuqhubekeka nokukhula kwezi zombini iintlobo zamaqabane. Ngamanye amazwi, yindlela yokwenza intsebenziswano. I-Lichens ngumzekelo weklasi okubonisa ukuba ukusebenzisana.

Omnye umzekelo ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamagqabi kunye ne-nitrogen-fixing-bacteria kwiigununu kwiingcambu zabo. I-Mutualism iphinde ilandelelanise ngokusondeleyo kwezidalwa zomoya kunye nezityalo zepilisi, umzekelo i-lepidoptera iTeticticula yucasella kunye ne-yucca.

Ukhetho kwaye unyanzelekile ukusebenzisana

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezi ngcamango ezimbini. Bobabini inyanzeliso kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokubambisanayo kukusebenzisana ngokubambisana. Ukusebenzisana kule meko kunceda omnye kunye nolunye uhlobo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yesibini, iintlobo zonke zikhona ngaphandle. Ukubambisana ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinto eziphilayo azikwazi ukuhlala ngokwahlukileyo.

Mycorrhiza

Omnye wemimiselo ebalulekileyo kwaye ibalulekileyo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ngayo i-ecology yezinto eziyithandayo, kukubandakanya phakathi kweefungi kunye nezityalo ze-vascular. Iingcambu ezininzi zezi zityalo zenza izakhiwo ezinzima ngefungi. Ezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuba yi-mycorrhiza. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukukhula kwezityalo eziqhelekileyo kwakungeke kwenzeke. U-Mycorrhiza, ngokusobala, wadlala indima ephambili ekulungiseleleni umhlaba wabo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ukuxoxisana (ukusebenzisana) kwandiswe.

Uxhumano lwamaMycorrhizal

Xa sifunda ngakumbi ngabo, kucacisa ukubaluleka kwabo kuba yintlobo zezityalo. Kwiintlobo ezininzi, abantu abangenayo i-nonmycorrhizal ayifumaneki kwizinto zendalo, nangona ukukhula kwabo kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kwefungi, ngokukhetha ngokucophelela iimeko zokukhula. Iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo ze-vascular "ziphindwe kabini" eziphilayo ngenye indlela njengengqungquthela, nangona lo mbini, njengombandela, awubonakali ngaphezu kwengxenye yabo engaphezulu. Ngokutsho kwenzululwazi yomhlaba yaseWisconsin University yaseWilldde, umthi okhishwe emhlabeni uyingxenye yeso sityalo sonke, ulwahlula ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-organ and absorption organ. Kwiintlobo ezininzi, iifungi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-assimilation ye-phosphorus nezinye izondlo ezibalulekileyo.

Iifungi ezenza i-mycorrhizas zininzi zezityalo zizo zygomycetes. Olu hlobo lubizwa ngokuthi i-endomycorrhiza. Kuqhelekileyo kuninzi lweengca, imithi nemithi. Amanye amaqela e-conifers kunye nama-dicots, ikakhulu imithi, ifom i-mycorrhizas kunye ne-basidiomycetes, kunye nezinye i-ascomycetes. Kule meko sithetha nge-ectomychorisis. Ngamanye amaxesha kubaluleke kakhulu: uhlobo oluthile lwe-fungus lusetyenziswa kuphela uhlobo oluthile lwesityalo se-vascular okanye kunye neqela leentlobo ezinxulumene nazo. Kuyaziwa, umzekelo, ukuba i-basidiomycete yama-elegans e-Boletus inxulumene kuphela ne-larch (Larix) ukusuka kwi-conifers. Ezinye iifungi zakha i-mycorrhizas kunye neentlobo zehlathi ngaphezu kweentsuku ezilishumi. I-Ectomicorrhiza ibonakalisa ngokukhethekileyo iintlobo zemithi ezihlwempuzekileyo ezihlala kwiindawo eziphezulu zeNorthern Hemisphere okanye kwiindawo eziphakamileyo.

I-Acacia kunye neentshontsho

Imimandla eyinkimbinkimbi yokubambisana itholakala kwiindawo ezitshingayo, apho ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kukuphakamileyo kunemimandla efanelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, kwiindawo ezitshisayo kunye nama-subtropias acacia (imithi kunye nezihlahla zentsholongwane ye-Acacia) zixhaphake. Ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo ezithile zezi zityalo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni aseMexico naseMzenteri yaseMerika kunye neentuthwane ezihlala emeva yazo ngumzekelo omhle wokusebenzisana okunzima phakathi kwezilwanyana nezityalo. Ngokukodwa ngokubonakalayo, zilandelwa kwiintsholongwane ze-genus Pseudomyrmex.

Kulezi ziqumba ezikwinqanaba leqabunga ngalinye kukho iibini ezivuyiweyo, ubude obuyi-2 cm. Ama-petioles anama-nectari, kwaye ekupheleni kwamaqabunga anesitho esincinci esincinci esibizwa ngokuba ngamazimba eBelt. Izintuthwane zihlala ngaphakathi kwintsiba engapheliyo, idla ishukela ye-nectar kunye nemizimba yeBelt equle amafutha kunye nama-protein. I-Acacia ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye iyimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo eziphazamisekile, apho ukhuphiswano phakathi kwezityalo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza lukhula kakhulu. UThomas Belt waqala ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwePseudornyrmex kunye nale mithi encwadini yakhe ethi Naturalist eNicaragua, eyapapashwa ngo-1874.

Ezinye iintlobo zobudlelwano bobudlelwane

Zininzi ezinye iintlobo zobudlelwane obudibeneyo kunye nomzimba apho ulwalamano lubonakalisa khona. Oku, umzekelo, imithi ehlathini (kunye notshani), edlalwa ngeengcambu zabo. Ngenxa yoko, izondlo zihanjiswe kwisityalo esinye ukuya kwelinye ngendlela enzima kwaye ingalindelekanga, kwaye ukusinda kwezinye iintlobo kwindawo ethile ethile kuxhomekeka ngokobukho bomnye obunokuqhagamshelana okunjalo. Iziqu zomthi zingaphila ngonaphakade, nangona zinqatshelwe izitho ze-photosynthetic, kuba zifakwe kwabanye abantu kwaye zingafumana izondlo kubo. Ezinye izifo, umzekelo we-oki oya kwiMiddle East kunye neMpuma ye-USA, inokudluliselwa ngolo hlobo "izigulana".

Njengoko uyakubona, ukusebenzisana ngokuqhelekileyo kuyinto ebonakalayo kwimvelo. Yona hlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-symbiosis.