Nitrogen-ukulungisa iintsholongwane: yokuhlala, umsebenzi

Iintsholongwane - ligama eliqhelekileyo wonke. Ukufumana sisi iyogurt, nemithi, unyango amdaka - zonke ezo kwenza kube lula ukuba eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli virus. Makhe simazi nabo kufutshane.

Ngoobani aba ntsholongwane?

Abameli bale ummandla wendalo amele iqela elilodwa prokaryotes - eziphilayo, iiseli bayiswele ngumongo. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba akukho iqulathe ulwazi yemfuza. iimolekyuli DNA simahla kwi icytoplasm, yaye singqongwe iqokobhe.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo yokungcoliswa - ukuya ku-20 microns, izifundo iintsholongwane isayensi eziphilayo. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba prokaryotes inokuba kwiseli enye okanye kumncedisa kuyo. Zinelungelo isakhiwo ngokwanelisayo kwakudala. Ukongeza igciwane isiqalo baphangwe zonke iintlobo plastids, Golgi complex, EPS, lysosomes kunye mitochondria. Kodwa ke phezu kwalo, iseli yebhaktiriya uyakwazi ukwenza iinkqubo ibalulekileyo ebomini: internal anaerobic ngaphandle ioksijini, isondlo heterotrophic kunye autotrophic, ukuzala maqanda kunye ukuyilwa cysts ngelixa iba neemeko ezinzima.

nezigaba iintsholongwane

Oku kusekelwe ukuhlelwa imiqondiso ezahlukeneyo. Omnye wabo - luhlobo oluthile weseli. Umzekelo, thatha ifomu vibrio ikoma, cocci - imilo ajikelezayo. iimbono Ukonakala abe spirilla, okuyiyo-intonga - bacilli.

Ngaphezu koko, le ntsholongwane ngolandelelwano ngokwamaqela kuxhomekeke iimpawu lwesakhiwo cell. Ezi iyakwazi zokubumba capsule uxakaxa ngeenxa zaso kwaye baxhotyiswe ne misila.

Icyanobacteria, okanye nobulembu blue-eluhlaza, bayakwazi photosynthesis kunye amakhowa ziyinxalenye ulele.

iintlobo ezininzi iintsholongwane bayakwazi ngokuncedisana - a izinto ngokuhlalisana eyinzuzo elinganayo. iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungisa ezilalisa iingcambu kwezidumba kunye nezinye izityalo, ukwakha maqhuqhuva. Ntoni na iintsholongwane eziguqula, kulula ukuba ndiyaqikelela. Zenza nitrogen, oyimfuneko ukwenzela uphuhliso kwezityalo.

Indlela supply

Prokaryotes i iqela eziphilayo, apho zifumaneka zonke iintlobo zokutya. Ngoko ke, iintsholongwane eluhlaza nemfusa zitya autotrophic, xa amandla elanga. Ngenxa yobukho plastids inokubuyiselwa zipeyintwe ngemibala eyahlukileyo, kodwa azinakuqulatha ngokuba yiklorofili. Bacteria kwesityalo yiphotosynthesis zahluke kakhulu. Ntsholongwane, amanzi ayifuneki reagent. Abanikelayo electron inokuba hydrogen okanye emanzini, ke ngoko, ioksijini ongakhululwanga ngethuba lale nkqubo.

Iqela elikhulu iintsholongwane wondla heterotrophically, t. E. izinto Ready organic. eziphilayo ezinjalo asetyenziswa unikezele iintsalela eziphilayo abafileyo kunye nemveliso yazo metabolic. Iintsholongwane kubola kunye ibile bayakwazi thob yonke organic izinto ezaziwayo. eziphilayo ezinjalo kuthiwa saprotroph.

Ezinye iintsholongwane izityalo ukwenza ngokuncedisana kwezinye izinto: fungi, kunye nenxalenye ulele, obuza yokuhlalisana kunye neengcambu nitrogen-nitrogen iintsholongwane eziguqula ingcambu imidumba.

chemotroph

Elinye iqela iintlobo zokutya zezi chemotroph. Kuyinto uhlobo isondlo autotrophic, apho amandla elanga iyasetyenziswa endaweni amandla neentambo imichiza kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungisa bangamalungu eziphilayo ezinjalo. Bathi oxidize ezinye iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo ngokwabo lo gama kuqinisekiswa imali eyimfuneko wamandla.

Nitrogen-ukulungisa iintsholongwane: indawo yokuhlala

Ngokufanayo, ifidi kunye microorganisms abanako zokuguqula nitrogen esimbaxa. Zibizwa iintsholongwane initrogen-ukulungiswa. Nangona ukuba iintsholongwane Sihlala kwindawo yonke, ukuba indawo le uhlobo oluthile - umhlaba. Ngokucace kakhulu, neengcambu izityalo imidumba.

isakhiwo

Ntoni na iintsholongwane eziguqula? Kungenxa ubume babo. iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungisa ngokucacileyo alibonakali ngeliso lenyama. Kuse- phezu iingcambu kwezidumba kunye nokutya okuziinkozo, ukuba angene endaweni yokusebenza. Kule fomu i ukuqina, nto leyo ethatha indawo ngaphakathi nethe.

Iyafuna esithi ukuba iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa kukho iqela Mutualists. bahlalisane labo kunye nezinye izinto kuyingenelo macala. Ngexesha photosynthesis, izityalo nokulungelelanisa iswekile ekudleni, kuyimfuneko ukuba iinkqubo ubomi. Bacterium akakwazi loonkqubo, nalungela ukufumana iswekile evela iimbotyi.

Izityalo for Life kufuneka initrogen. Le kweziyobisi nohlobo inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo. Umzekelo, isiqulatho nitrogen zezulu yi 78%. Noko ke, kule meko, izityalo abakwazi ukufunxa le nto. iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungisa ukulungisa nitrogen nesiguqulela ube iphetshana elifanelekileyo ze izityalo.

ukuvelisa

Ntoni iibhaktheriya nitrogen-ukulungiswa inokubonwa kumzekelo iintsholongwane azospirillum chemotrophic. Le ephilayo uhlala phezu iingcambu zengca: yerhasi okanye ingqolowa. Ubizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba inkokheli phakathi abavelisi nitrogen. Per kwihektare liyakwazi ukunika-60 kg element.

iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa kwezidumba, ezifana rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy kunye nabanye nazo 'abasebenzi' elungileyo. Bona bayakwazi ukuqhamisa ngehektare ubunzima komhlaba nitrogen ukuya kwi 390 kg. On izityalo ingaphelelwayo imidumba ahlale abaphumelele azotoobrazovaniya kabani komsebenzi ukuya ku-560 kg kwihektare lomhlaba kulinywa nganye.

iinkqubo zobomi

Zonke iibhaktheriya nitrogen-ukulungisa phezu nkcukacha lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini. Iqela lokuqala ke nitrifying. Eli yokucolwa kule meko kubekho udederhu zinguquko imichiza. Ammonia, okanye ammonia iguqulelwa nayitrayithi - neetyuwa ze nitric acid. Nitrites, ke, eziguqulelwe kwi ngezithako, nayo leyo iityuwa yale ezimbaxa. Xa uhlobo nitrate nitrogen ako ngcono sisixokelelwano ingcambu yezityalo.

Iqela lesibini kuthiwa denitrifying iintsholongwane. Abawenza inkqubo ngokubaxwa: nitrate equlethwe emhlabeni, aguqulwa nerhasi nitrogen. Ngenxa yoko kukho umjikelo nitrogen kwindalo.

Ngu iinkqubo nobomi kusebenza kwinkqubo yokuzala. Oku kwenzeka ngokuthi ngokwahlula ibe ezimbini iiseli. ngaphantsi kakhulu - ngu yavelisa amagqabi. Uphawu iintsholongwane kunye nenkqubo ngokwesondo ebizwa conjugation. Ngelo xesha kukho kwabelwane ngolwazi yemfuza.

Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ingcambu sokunikela eninzi kwezinto zexabiso, iintsholongwane ababeke kuyo kakhulu kunene. Zenza zezityalo iintsalela zizinto abakwaziyo ukufunxa isityalo. Ngenxa yoko, umaleko womhlaba ngeenxa uzuza iipropati ezithile. Ibizwa ngokuba rhizosphere.

Iindlela elalana iintsholongwane kwi ingcambu

Kukho iindlela ezininzi yokwazisa iiseli kwegciwane ancedisana kwenkqubo ingcambu. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa kukwehla ancedisana integumentary okanye kwiindawo apho ingcambu iiseli abaselula. zone iinwele iingcambu kwakhona chemotroph yi ukungena endaweni yokusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, iinwele iingcambu wathelela ngenxa yoqhekeko yeseli esebenzayo of maqhuqhuva bacteria kwakhiwa. Ukusebenzisa iiseli ezosulelayo zenze zixhobo ukuba kuqhubeka inkqubo elalana ibe esiqwini sesityalo. Kwiinkqubo conductive bacteria enxulumene maqhuqhuva ingcambu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, bafumana kubalulekile okhethekileyo - Leghemoglobin.

Ngexesha iimpawu maqhuqhuva kangangoko umsebenzi abe umbala epinki (ngenxa kombala Leghemoglobin). Bayakwazi ukulungisa initrogen kuphela ezo neebhaktiriya ziqulathe Leghemoglobin.

chemotroph intsingiselo

Abantu Kudala wabona ukuba imidumba ukwemba umhlaba kule lokuvuna indawo kuya kuba ngcono. Enyanisweni, eyona ayikho inkqubo yokulima. Le umhlaba ahlanganiswe ngakumbi initrogen, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuze ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kwezityalo.

Ukuba iphepha ibizwa ngokuba efektri ukuveliswa ioksijini, iibhaktheriya nitrogen-ukulungiswa linokubizwa ngokuba i mveliso ukuba imveliso nitrate.

Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, izazinzulu ziye ingqalelo amangalisayo izityalo imidumba. Ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi wabhalwa lwabo kuphela izityalo kunye ezinxulumene kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kuye Kucetyiswa ukuba amagqabi ukulungisa nitrogen. Xa bekuhlolwa inkcitho kufunyaniswe ukuba pulses eziye elinywa emanzini, wolahlekelwa wabaphayo. Kwiminyaka eli-15, lo mbuzo iye yaqhubeka iyimfihlelo. Akukho namnye ukuyichaza ukuba athwale le nitrogen-ukulungiswa iintsholongwane zonke, ezo ke yokuhlala khange kufundwe. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo ityala eziphilayo bokubambisana. Kuphela kunye imidumba kunye iintsholongwane ukuvelisa nitrate izityalo.

Ngoku, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa izityalo ngaphezulu kwama-200, nto leyo ke andingowawo usapho ezinemidumba, kodwa unako ukwenza ngokuncedisana iintsholongwane initrogen-ukulungiswa. Potato, amazimba, ingqolowa nabo iipropati ezixabisekileyo.