IRashiya yimihlaba eyahlukeneyo kunye neentlanga ezininzi, kwaye abemi bayo bayaziqhelanisa nemigqaliselo ephambili yeenkolo ezingummelwane. Izinga eliqhelekileyo lemfundo labantu liphinda likhuthazwe ngeenkqubo zethelevishini. Ukongezelela, kutshanje iichungechunge zaseTurkey zidume kakhulu. Siyabonga kubo, ababukeli baseRussia baqhelana nobuhle belizwe, imbali yaseTurkey, kunye ne-Islam, into ayithethayo. Bayazi ukuba ngubani uSultan Suleiman, i-imam yinkokeli yokomoya yamaSulumane, kwaye i-vizier yiyona igosa eliphezulu lelizwe.
Ukungahambi kakuhle kwegama
Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi "imam" lingenakwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkolo yamaMuslim, ngexesha le ntshumayelo eyintloko, unqulo (unokuba ngumntu olula) ukonyulwa, oya kuqhubeka ekhokela unqulo, kwaye ubizwa ngokuba yi "imam". Eli gama - i-amma - ngesi-Arabhu lithetha "inkokeli". Umsikiti ngamnye wama-Islam wawukhokelwa yiloo nkokheli.
Ingaba i-imam yayiyiNtloko ye-caliphate, ingaba yayingumfundisi weparishi phakathi kwamaTatars okanye intloko yecawa yama-Mohammedan isoloko inkokeli kwinqanaba elithile lenkolo. I-imam yindawo apho kwi-XIX yekhulu leminyaka ephakamileyo ye-XIX ikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iziphathamandla zazingqina kuphela. Kwaye i-post ayifumene kakhulu, ingafuneki imfundo ephakamileyo. I-Cadia kunye ne-mufti babaluleke kakhulu ebantwini. Ngelo xesha, kwi-Islam (phakathi kwamaShiites), i-imam ngumlamli phakathi kukaThixo nomntu, oko kukuthi, uMprofeti.
Iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo zegama elithi "imam"
Kwaye i-Sunn ibiza iimams iindoda ezizilumko, abafundisi bezona zezona zifundo. BebeMaliki noAhmad, uAsh Shafi'i no-Abu Hanifah. Kwaye ukuba songeza kule nto ekhankanywe apha ukuba iArabhu inesihloko solawulo lwe-Imam iinkosana eziphambili, ngoko sinokugqiba ukuba ukungabonakali kwekota kubaluleke kakhulu njengamazwi "inkokheli" okanye "inkokeli".
Sufi Sheikh
U-Imam Shamil (1797-1856) uyaziwa ngabaninzi ngaphandle kweenqwelomoya zeTurkey. Inkokeli yeentaba zaseMpumalanga zaseCaucasus ngo-1834 yaqatshelwa njengentloko ye-North Caucasian imamate, eyayiyinkokeli yombuso, oko kukuthi, ilizwe apho ilizwe lilawulwa ngabantu bezenkolo. Abasemagunyeni baseNtshona basoloko (nangona abanye beyinyaniso kwaye bengazi) bathanda imifanekiso yeentshaba zaseRashiya. Ngoko ke u-Imam Shamil kwakukho i-halo yemfihlakalo, ukunyaniseka, ukunikela. UDanko onjalo. Enyanisweni, wayeyindoda engafundile kunye nomlawuli ongenakuqonda, ongazange abeke ubomi obulula ngepeneni. Kwakuye apho insimi apho iChechnya ikhona khona ihlonyelwe kwiRashiya, kwaye i-Imam ngokwakhe yahluthwa kwaye yathunyelwa ekuthinjweni, apho yafa kuyo.
Muhamed Al-Buhri
"Imam Al" - la magama amabini angachaza amagama anqambileyo amabini ahloniphekileyo ase-Islam - u-Muhammad al-Bukhari (810-870) kunye no-Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058-1111). Eyokuqala kulawa yiFafrrr, okanye iinguquli zeQur'an (nangona kukho ibango lokuba umvakalisi ogqwesileyo weQur'an yiKoran ngokwayo). Nangona kunjalo, uMuhammad al-Bukhri wayengumfundi wamaMuslim-muhaddist kunye nomtoliki weKoran. Ukongeza, le Imam Al wayengumbhali weqoqo le-al-Jami al-Saheeh. Esi siko leSunni. Incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "At-tarigh al-kabir," okanye "iNdaba eNkulu," iphinda ibe yipeni yakhe. Intlekele yenzululwazi ayiphumelelanga kakhulu: kwachazwa, ngenxa yokungaqondakali kwamagama e-Imam, iingxaki zaqala. Amaxesha amane waxoshwa eBukhara, wafa ekuthunjweni. Umsikiti wethusi we-Upper Pyshma ubizwa ngokuba ngu-al-Bahri. Ngo-2014, ecaleni kwakhe, i-capsule yangcwatywa kunye nomlotha ososayensi.
Imam Gazli
U-Abu Hamid al-Ghazli ngumphengululi ogunyazisiweyo kunye nommeli, ifilosofi, isazi sezithethe zobuSulumane kunye ne-mystic. Yonke imikhosi yakhe wayiqondisa ekubunjweni nasekusebenziseni i-Sufism. Lithetha ukuthini eli gama? Kwi-Islam, njengakwezinye iinkolo, kukho izikhokelo ezininzi. Enye yezona zinto eziphambili yi-Sufism-yangoku kunye nokuphambuka kwezinto ezintle kunye ne-ascetic. Ukufundisa okunzima, ukuqonda ubuqhetseba bawo kunye namaxesha ayenokwenzeka kuphela kumaSulumane afundiswe kakuhle, kodwa nanamhlanje u-Sufism udlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini bamaSilami. U-Imam Ghazali waphila iminyaka eyi-11 njengengqungquthela, waza wafundisa kakhulu, wabuyela ekuhlaleni, wafundisa abalandeli beendlela ze-Sufi zobomi waza wafa eneminyaka engama-53. Imibhalo yakhe yayinempembelelo enkulu kumafilosofi amaSilami namaKristu kunye namaYuda. "Uvuko lwezesayensi zezenkolo" ngumsebenzi wakhe oyintloko. Le nzu lulwazi yashiya umsebenzi omningi kwifilosofi, kwi-theology kunye nengqiqo.
Ubuncwane bezakhiwo zobuSulumane
Ukuthetha ngeSilamsi, umntu akanakuchukumisa indawo yakhe yenkolo - iinqilakazi. Uninzi lwabo luhle kakhulu, njengeetempile, iicawa, iipagodas. Kodwa phakathi kwazo zonke izindlu zikaThixo kukho iiparele ezidumileyo emhlabeni. Kule mizobo, yeyona, i-Mosam Imam. I-340 km ukusuka kwisikhululo se-Iran, ngasezantsi kweZagros (inkqubo enkulu yeentaba ze-Iran) yidolophu yasendulo ye-Isfahan, eyayiyithanda uMarco Polo. Umzi ukhona ukususela kwixesha langaphambi kwexesha lokuqala kunye nekhulu le-XI liba yinkunzi yeSeljuks enamandla. U-Isfahan wayesazi i-ups and downs-ngo-1387 wafunyanwa nguTamlane, owawunqumla abantu besixeko waza wathwala ipiramidi eyaziwayo ye-70 000 skulls. Kodwa isixeko saphinda sizalwe kwakhona kwaye sele sisekuqaleni kweXVI leminyaka, i-golden age ye-Isfahan yafika. Intliziyo yalo mzi yikwere ye-Imam. Kwakhona yakha indlu yobugcisa yasePersi - i-Shah's Mosque, okanye iMic Mosque. Ayilwanga ixesha elide - ukususela ngo-1611 ukuya ku-1629. Igama langoku le-mosque lalingama-1979, xa i-Iranian yokugqibela i-Iranian ichithwa, kwaye i-Imam Ayatollah Khomeini yasungula iRiphabhliki yase-Iran. Ngentlonipho yakhe ye-Shah's former Mosque yaqanjwa kwakhona. Ibala eliphakathi kweso sixeko lenza abavakhenkethi abaninzi bazive ngathi njengeendwendwe zelizwe elihle, lugubha "kwiiNkulungwane neeNye." Ubuhle beMosque bubuhlungu. I-Minarets yeemitha ezingama-42 eziphakamileyo, imibala eyisixhenxe yamatye aqingqiweyo, izakhiwo ezimangalisayo ze-mosque yama-52 yemitha ngokwalo kunye nenkundla yayo eneempahla ezigqithisileyo-bonke bayakuvuyela iindwendwe zesixeko kangangeminyaka emine. Kwizinto zangaphakathi kunye nama-acoustics omkhosi we-mosque, akukho mqulu omnye wophando obhaliweyo. Ummandla wonke weMeydan-Imam ufakwe kwiluhlu lweeNdawo zeMveli zeNational UNESCO.
Ilizwi elikhethekileyo
Umculi wasePeruvia owayengummangaliso ogama linguSoila Augusta Imperatriz Kavarri del Castillo (1922-2008), eyaziwayo kwihlabathi lonke njengoIma Sumak, kunye ne-imam, ngaphandle kweencwadi ezintathu zokuqala, ayinanto efanayo. Inxalenye yesibini yomnxeba ubonisa ukuba umgca womama womculi uvela kubafundisikazi bakaThixo we-Sun, owathi ekuphumeni kwe-Inca empucuko yaxabiswa ngaphezu kwegolide. Uyise womculi eno-one-kind-kind-soprano wayengumSpanish. Yintoni ekhethekileyo ka-Ima Sumak? Kuluhlu. Ngokumalunga nenani le-octaves ayengayithatha, ephikisanayo, kodwa kucingwa ukuba ilizwi lakhe lingaphantsi kwama-octaves amahlanu, ngaphezu koko, ingavuma ngamazwi amabini ngexesha elinye. Wayetyelelwa oogqirha kunye nososayensi ngesicelo sokumvumela ukuba ahlolisise ilizwi lakhe - ummangaliso wokumangalisa imvelo. Ukukhanyela kwamacandelo kwaba yimpendulo yabo. Kwiinyanga ezi-6 u-Ima Sumak wasebenzisa i-Soviet Union, efumana umrhumo weekhonsathi ngemali enzima kwiimfuno zeKrushchev. Ngamanye amaxesha walala phambi, kodwa wabuyela ngokugqithiseleyo. Iminyaka yomsebenzi wakhe osebenzayo ngowama-1944-2008. Oko kukuthi, wahlabelela kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Abafaki abaya kwiikonkethi zakhe kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe bathi ilizwi lakhe alizange lilahleke okanye lihlambuluke. I-Mysticism, kwaye kuphela!