Iyini inzala? I-Genetics kunye neentlobo zayo

Phantse wonke umntu uyazi ukuba yiyiphi inzala. Ukusuka kwinqanaba lezesayensi, ubudalwa bubunzima bobunzima bokudlulisela iimpawu zophuhliso kunye nemimiselo kwimbewu yayo. Umntwana ngamnye uthabathela kubazali ezithile iimpawu zobuntu kunye neempawu zokubonakala, oku kuyimpendulo kumbuzo wento yokuzalwa. Ukongezelela, umzimba unako ukufumana zombini uhlobo lwe-metabolism, kunye nezifo, kunye nemisebenzi. Oku kungenxa ye-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - izinto eziphilayo.

Genetics

Iyintoni inzala, nokuba baninzi abantwana bayazi, kodwa akusiyo wonke umntu owaziyo ukuba inzululwazi ye-heredity i-genetics.

Iintlobo zeGenetics

Ukuba sithetha malunga nokuveliswa komntu, uze uhlule phakathi kwezi zilandelayo:

1. Lwabantu. Ukuzibandakanya ekuhlolisweni kweenkqubo zezofuzo kumaqela abantu abavela phantsi kwemitshato ethile, phantsi kwefuthe lokuguquka, ukukhetha, ukuhlukanisa okanye ukufuduka kwabantu. Ukwafunda kwakhona umzekelo wokwakhiwa kwe-genotype yabantu.
2. Yezinto eziphilayo. Ukuzibandakanya ekuhlolisweni kwezinto ezizodwa zokulawula izidalwa zezinto eziphilayo, ngelixa kusetyenziswa iindlela zamandulo ze-biochemistry (electrophoresis, uhlalutyo, i-chromatography, njl.).
3. Cytogenetics. Ufunda iithwali eziphathekayo zokuzalwa, oko kukuthi, ufunda i-chromosomes, imisebenzi kunye nesakhiwo.
4. Immunogenetics. Iyaziwa ngokusekwa kweempawu ezininzi ze-immunological. Ngokwenene, ezi zi-antigens ze-leukocyte kunye neeseli ezibomvu zegazi, amaqela eprotheni ye-serum yegazi.

Iintlobo zobuncwane

Ukwangoku, iindidi ezilandelayo ze-heredity ziyahluka:

1. Nyukliya. Inxulumene nokuhanjiswa kweempawu (ifa), ezifumaneka kuma-chromosomes yenucleus. Igama laso lesibili li-chromosomal.

Iimpawu zeentlobo ze-nyukliya:

• Ifa le-autosomal recessive isingathathi (kungekho kwizizukulwana zonke). Ukuba le nto ikhona, bobabili abazali abanakukuphepha. Ikwafumaneka kwakhona kubantwana balabo bazali abangenazo iimpawu;
• I-Autosomal ephezulu ivela kuzo zonke izizukulwana. Xa kubakho ubuncinane ubuncinane kumnye wabazali umntwana uya kuba nayo;
• I-glossy (enxulumene ne-Y-chromosome) isisayina somntu kwaye sifumaneka rhoqo. Kuthunyelwa ngumgca wesilisa;
• Ukuphindaphinda kunye ne-X - i-chromosome ayifumaneki. Abasetyhini banokuthi kuphela ukuba lo mqondiso ungowokuba;
• Okugqithiseleyo nge X - i-chromosome ifumaneka kuma-2 amaxesha amaninzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

2. I-Cytoplasmic. Kutyhilwa ngokuthelekisa iziphumo zemida eyahlukeneyo.

Ubungcwele kunye nemeko

Kwimeko efanayo, abantu baya kuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Le nyaniso ibangelwa kukuzalwa. Kodwa nangona idlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini babantu kunye nophuhliso, imo yendawo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqulunqwa kokugqibela komntu kuxhomekeke kwimfundo yengqondo yomzimba yomntu. Ulungelo kunye nokusingqongileyo luhlala ludibene. Eyona ndawo ilungele ukusingqongileyo, amathuba amaninzi okukhusela umntwana ohloniphekileyo kumntwana, nangona ukuzalwa kofuzo kushicilela kakhulu. Ngoku, ukuba ufumene impendulo kumbuzo othi: "Ubuphi ubunzima?", Ungakhulisa umntu omhle.