Gas sokufudumeza ancedisana wemiphunga njani na?

kukho isixokelelwano sokuphefumla ukuqinisekisa iiseli, ancedisana amalungu oksijini emzimbeni womntu. Luquka amalungu alandelayo: nakumarhanana, nasopharynx, kwingqula, uqhoqhoqho, bronchi kunye nemiphunga. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa ubume babo. Kananjalo cinga exchange igesi ancedisana wemiphunga. Chaza iimpawu internal lwangaphandle ezenzeka phakathi umzimba kunye emoyeni, yaye ngaphakathi eliqukuqela ngqo kwinqanaba zeselula.

Kutheni thina siphefumle?

Abantu abaninzi abazange mathidala ukuphendula: ukufumana ioksijini. Kodwa andazi kutheni kufuneka ngalo. Abaninzi Impendulo ilula: ioksijini ukuze aphefumle. Kubonakala isangqa eqhubekayo. Aphambane, siya kunceda ngamachiza ukuba ufunda nethe zeselula.

ezingqondweni Bright abathe balufunda olu inzululwazi, kudala wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ioksijini ezinikwe ancedisana amalungu, yiluciferase iikhabhohayidrethi, amafutha kunye neeproteni. Oku amandla ihlwempu ezimbaxa: icarbon dioxide, amanzi, ammonia. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ngenxa yezi khemikhali kuhlelwe ATP - iziyobisi amandla jikelele ezisetyenziswa iseli kwimisebenzi yayo ebalulekileyo. Sinokuthi exchange igesi ancedisana wemiphunga nje kwaye uya kumhlangula umzimba nezakhiwo zawo ezifunekayo igcwala kwe-oksijini.

Indlela of exchange igesi

Oku kuthetha ubukho kwezinto ubuncinane ezimbini, ogama kwegazi emzimbeni inika iinkqubo metabolic. Ngaphandle oxygen gas Exchange ikhankanywe ngentla apha emiphungeni, igazi kunye izicwili kwenzeka nenye ezimbaxa - carbon dioxide. It ukhandwa ngayo dissimilation. Njengoko lonaniselwano into ityhefu, kufuneka kuthathwa kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Makhe sihlolisise le nkqubo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Icarbon dioxide ungena yi nokuhanjiswa ngokusebenzisa iseli inwebu ukuya kulwelo Embi. Kuwo engena emithanjeni igazi - venules. Ngaphezulu ezi zitya hlanganisa, akha ezisezantsi Vena cava eliphezulu. Baya kuqokelela igazi okroqiweyo kunye CO _2. Kwaye libe intendelezo ekunene. Ngenxa ukuncitshiswa nesabelo salo zodonga igazi lwemithambo ongena ventricle ekunene. Apha iqala kwemiphunga kwegazi (elincinane). umsebenzi yakhe Akothusi ukufumanisa igazi mpilo. emithanjeni lwemithambo pulmonary iba. A _CO-2, ke, livela egazini, wazisusa ngokwangaphandle ngokusebenzisa isixokelelwano sokuphefumla. Ukuze uqonde kwenzeka njani oku, kufuneka siqale sifunde isakhiwo emiphungeni. Gas exchange emiphungeni nezihlunu oluqhutywa kwisakhiwo okukhethekile - alveoli kunye emithanjeni.

Isakhiwo emiphungeni

It nesithandwa amalungu ibekwe em- esifubeni. Kwemiphunga ekhohlo iye isithinzi ezimbini. Ilungelo elikhulu ngobukhulu. Kuye isithinzi ezintathu. Ngamasango yokukhanya ziquka bronchi ezimbini, apho isebe ukuba ibe ebizwa ngokuba yi-umthi. Ngokutsho emasebeni umoya lihamba inhalation kunye nomphunga. Amancinci, bronchioles nokuphefumla amalungiselelo amaqamza - i alveoli. Bona abayiqokeleleyo acini. Abo, ke, zenza parenchyma miphungeni. Kubalulekile ukuba igutyana ngamnye eziqulathwe ukuphefumla network capillary ngamandla sintyumpa ejikeleza ezincinane nezinkulu. yesebe ngeniso imithambo pulmonary Ukubonelela igazi lwemithambo ukusuka ventricle ekunene, ihanjiswa kulo mithambo ye-alveoli carbon dioxide. A venules efferent pulmonary alveolar zikhutshwe zezulu ioksijini.

igazi lwemithambo aqukuqela imithambo pulmonary ukuya intendelezo ekhohlo, ukusuka apho - kungena aorta. imithambo yayo yesebe zinika iiseli zomzimba ayimfuneko ukuphefumla ioksijini lwangaphakathi. Oku alveoli igazi lwemithambo uba umfutho. Ngoko ke, exchange igesi ancedisana wemiphunga igazi ejikelezayo wenziwa ngqo kwi amancinci kunye ejikelezayo. Oku kungenxa izishunqulelo eqhubekayo kwimisipha kweendonga egumbini intliziyo.

internal yangaphandle

Libizwa ngokuba umoya miphungeni. Ingaba i utshintshiselwano lomoya phakathi yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye alveoli. inhalation Physiologically ilungile ngokusebenzisa isabelo impumlo inika umzimba umoya ubume: malunga ne-21% O _2, 0.03% _CO-2 no-79% nitrogen. Ngokutsho umendo anomoya ngayo engena alveoli. Baye isabelo zabo zomoya. ukwakheka wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 14.2% O _2, 5.2% _CO-2, 80% N _2. Umoya, uwukhuphe njengoko ulawulwa ngeendlela ezimbini: Wayesoyika humoral (yoxinaniso of carbon dioxide). Ngenxa ukukhuthazwa kwiziko nokuphefumla le Oblongata Medulla, iminqweno luvo zisulelane kwizihlunu intercostal yokuphefumla kunye uvalo. Umthamo we ukunyuka Isifuba. Imiphunga, nje ihamba emva izishunqulelo ze lweHo- esifubeni, siyanda. xi Air kuwo lube lingaphantsi womoya. Ngoko ke, inxalenye umoya ukusuka iphecana ephezulu wokuphefumla ongena alveoli.

Le Umphunga lwenziwa emva kokuba umoya. Oko kukhatshwa ukucuthwa kwizihlunu intercostal nokuvusa KwiNqaba uvalo. Oku kukhokelela ekuncipheni umthamo semiphunga. Uxinzelelo umoya kubo kuba superatmospheric. Kwaye ke emoyeni agqithisile carbon dioxide liphuma bronchioles. Ngaphezu koko, kwisiqwenga eliphezulu wokuphefumla, kufuneka ibe em- ngeempumlo. Ukubunjwa umoya ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 16.3% O _2, 4% CO _2, N ₂ 79. Kweli nqanaba, kwanaleyo igesi lwangaphandle. exchange igesi pulmonary, alveoli kuthwalelwa inika iiseli mpilo eziyimfuneko yokuphefumla lwangaphakathi.

internal yeselula

Okuqukiweyo reactions catabolic pathways namandla. Ezi nkqubo zezifundo ezinto kunye nokwakheka zomzimba. Gas exchange emiphungeni kunye ancedisana kwimiba omnye nomnye kunokwenzeka ngaphandle akunjalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuphefumla yangaphandle ulwelo Embi izinto ioksijini kwaye kususa icarbon dioxide kuwo. A yasekhaya, wenziwe ngqo kwi iseli ye organelles zayo - mitochondria eziqinisekisa oxidative phosphorylation kunye ATP ehlaziya, isebenzisa mpilo kwezi nkqubo.

Krebs umjikelezo

Ngaba Umjikelo acid tricarboxylic ekhokelela esiseleni uphefumlayo. Izisa ndawonye kwaye lilungelelanise impendulo kwisigaba anoxic emzimbeni amandla kunye neenkqubo ezibandakanya neeproteni transmembrane. It yenza kwakhona umthengisi kokwakhiwa izinto yeselula (acid, iswekile ezilula, ii-asidi eziphezulu carboxylic) abunjwe ngayo ayo aphakathi, kwaye asetyenziswe ekukhuleni iseli neyantlukwano. Njengoko ubona, eli nqaku wafunda exchange igesi imiphunga kunye namalaphu, kwakunye njengoko kumiselwe indima yayo zeekhemikhali umzimba womntu.