Theory bento efunekayo, umphumo umgaqo

Eqaqambileyo ndabanekelwa segolide ekwindla amahlamvu emithini. Imitha yelanga ngokuhlwa yachukumisa iincopho hedge. Yokukhanyisa bakhe amasebe wenza intlekisa yamanani engaqhelekanga kubaneka eludongeni weyunivesithi "kaptorki".

Sir Hamilton oluziindleko wondela zisendleleni, ebukele umdlalo ukukhanya nethunzi. Xa intloko sezibalo Irish yaba iingcinga ukunyibilika, iimbono kunye nezigqibo. Wayesazi ukuba ingcaciso ngezenzeko ezininzi ngoncedo ubucukubhede Newtonian, njengesithunzi ukudlala phezu kodonga, ngobuqili intertwining iimilo eshiya imibuzo emininzi engaphendulekiyo. "Mhlawumbi iliza ... okanye mhlawumbi loqukuqelo amasuntswana - ukucinga Scientist - okanye ukukhanya njengokubonisa zombini izenzakalo. Kanye manani, zazenziwe ithunzi kunye nokukhanya. "

Ukuqala physics quantum

Kunika umdla ukubona abantu abakhulu kwaye uzame ukuqonda bazalwa kakhulu izimvo, ukutshintsha ikhondo nasekusungulweni lonke uluntu. Hamilton - omnye kwabo wema yokuzalwa physics quantum. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kamva, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izifundo amasuntswana nezakhiwo wafundela zizazinzulu ezininzi. Ulwazi ngenxa iye azingqinelani kunye non-phambili. Noko ke, amanyathelo okuqala iyaxokozela zenziwa.

Ukuqonda microphysics ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Ngowe-1901 waba thaca uyilo lokuqala-atom, yaye kubonisa ungafaneleki wayo, ukususela kwinqanaba electrodynamics zesiqhelo. Kwangaxesha nye, maks iplanga kunye Niels Bohr yapapashwa imisebenzi emininzi malunga nohlobo atom. Nangona umsebenzi wabo onzima, zange ayisekho baziqonde kakuhle yesakhiwo atomic.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngowe-1905, enye ingcali yenzululwazi encinane-owaziwa German Albert Einstein lapapasha ingxelo kungenzeka ubukho ufaka ukukhanya ezimbini lithi - incum yomtshangatshangiso kunye corpuscular (isuntswana). umsebenzi wakhe kuxoxiwe, echaza isizathu sokuba indlela ukusilela. Noko ke, umbono Einstein yaba ukuqonda eliqingqiweyo imodeli zelo atom.

Emva imisebenzi emininzi Niels Bohr kunye noogxa bakhe ngowe-1925, wazalwa ngendlela entsha - uhlobo ubucukubhede quantum. wabonakala "ubucukubhede quantum" kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu kamva - Ibinzana eqhelekileyo.

Into esiyaziyo lowo ufaka isicelo kunye nemikhwa yazo?

Okwangoku, physics quantum uye kude ngokwaneleyo. Vula izenzakalo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa yintoni esiyaziyo, ngokwenene? Impendulo imelwe umphengululi elinye ixesha lethu. "Xa physics quantum, ungakwazi noba uyikholelwa okanye musa ukuqonda" - oku inkcazo uRichard Feynman. Cinga ngalo ngokwakho. Kwanele ukukhankanya isenzeko sizixhalabise quantum amasuntswana. Le nto ke iye yadala lesayensi kubonelelo ehexisayo ngokupheleleyo. Nkqu ezothusayo kakhulu kukuba le nto imangalisayo ayihambelani kunye nemithetho Newton kaThixo kunye Einstein.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala isiphumo sizixhalabise quantum of photons ngazo ngo-1927 kwi yesihlanu Solvay Congress. Kwavela impikiswano eshushu phakathi Niels Bohr ne Einstein. Indida sizixhalabise quantum iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ingqiqo kwihlabathi eziphathekayo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba onke amabhunga luqulathe ngamasuntswana nezakhiwo. Ngako oko, zonke izenzakalo ubucukubhede quantum ziboniswe kwihlabathi zesiqhelo. Niels Bohr wathi ukuba akukhangeli kwi kwenyanga, ngoko ke asikho. Einstein ingqalelo ngqiqweni yaye babekholelwa ukuba into ikhona ngokuzimeleyo kumbukeli.

Xa isifundo iingxaki ukukhanda quantum, kucingwa ukuba iindlela zayo kunye nemithetho zihlobene bangayithambeliyo nokwakheka zoqobo. Makhe zama ukuyisombulula le ndawo ixakayo - amasuntswana bento efunekayo.

Ithiyori sizixhalabise quantum

Okokuqala, makhe baqonde ukuba yintoni physics quantum ufana enzonzobileni, apho unako ukufumana nantoni na oyifunayo. Lo mkhuba sizixhalabise quantum ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane kweyokugqibela zifundwa Einstein, Bohr, Maxwell, uBoyle, Bell, Planck, kunye nezinye zezinto ezininzi. Ukutyhubela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ihlabathi ngononophelo bafunda kwaye bazama amawaka izazinzulu.

Ihlabathi phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo ye physics

Kutheni loo umdla zango of ubucukubhede quantum? Yinto elula kakhulu: sihlala ekuthobeleni imithetho ethile yehlabathi ebonakalayo. Isakhono "ukufumana 'kwangaphambili waluvula ucango magic, ngaphezu kwayo yonke uba kunokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, ingcamango "Cat Schrödinger kaThixo" kukhokelela ukulawula lo mba. Kwakhona uya kuba teleportation lolwazi bento efunekayo kunokwenzeka. Ukudluliselwa kolwazi bekuya kuba lophanyazo, kungakhathaliseki umgama.
Le Mboniselo lisephantsi ukufunda, kodwa ukuba imeko iyathembisa.

Isifaniso nokuqonda

Yintoni singabanjwa ekhethekileyo quantum, njengoko iqondwa yaye kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha elifanayo? Zama ukuqonda. Oku kuya kufuna uhlobo yokucinga lokulinga. Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ukuba ezandleni iibhokisi ezimbini. Kwimeko nganye kubo ibhola omnye zephetshana. Ngoku abuye ibhokisi usomajukujuku, aze emva koko asole iMars. Kwathi kamsinya nje uvula ibhokisi uze ubone ukuba ibhendi zilaliswe ngecala ibhola, ngoko ibhola kwezinye ibhokisi kuya kufuneka ngokuzenzekelayo ngomvumbo nkqo. Oku bento efunekayo kuboniswe ngamazwi alula: enye into kugqiba indawo enye.

Noko ke, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba oku kuphela ingcaciso phezulu. Ukuze ufumane bento efunekayo, kuyimfuneko ukuba amasuntswana ziphuma ndaweni inye, ngathi ngamawele. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba nokuhlola iya itshitshiswe ukuba kuwe umntu waba ithuba ukubona ubuncinane enye yezi zinto.

Apho ingasetyenziswa ukudideka kwenani?

Umgaqo sizixhalabise quantum zingasetyenziswa ukudlulisa ulwazi phezu imigama emide washona. Esi sigqibo iyaphikisana ithiyori Einstein kaThixo kwezinto. Uyatsho ukuba isantya ubuninzi intshukumo sizalwa kuphela ehlabathini - iikhilomitha ezingamakhulu amathathu amawaka ngomzuzwana. oko kugqithiswa ulwazi lwenza ubukho teleportation emzimbeni.

Yonke into ehlabathini - ulwazi, kuqukwa nomba. Esi sigqibo of physics quantum. Ngo-2008, ngenxa sedata ithiyori sakwazi ukubona ukudideka quantum ngeliso lenyama.

kanye kwakhona Oku kubonisa ukuba zisemngciphekweni obafunyanwa ezinkulu - lihamba isithuba kunye nexesha. Ixesha ekuyo yonke obubobu, ngoko intshukumo lwephanyazo kuzo imigama enkulu yenza kube lula ukuba awele ezixineneyo eyahlukileyo ixesha (ngenxa yokuba hypothesis Einstein kaThixo, Bora). Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo oku kuya kuba yinto yokwenene ngendlela efanayo njenge ngeselula namhlanje.

Etherodynamics bento efunekayo

Ngokutsho kweminye izazinzulu ikhokela, ukudideka quantum luchazwa into yokuba isithuba izaliswe uhlobo kaEtere - ilaphu emnyama. Nawuphi yamasuntswana samabanga aphantsi, njengokuba thina siyazi, yimilo kwamaza kunye corpuscles (amasuntswana). Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba zonke zibe kwi "web" eneji emnyama. Akukho lula ukuyiqonda. Makhe sibone indlela eyahlukileyo - ngumbutho.

Yiba nomfanekiso wakho elunxwemeni. A umoyana kunye mpepho betyhafile. Wena ubone amaza? Kwaye kwindawo ethile umgama, ngokuvutha imitha yelanga, xinyenyana ebonakalayo.
Inqanawa iya kuba yamasuntswana wethu samabanga aphantsi, nolwandle - Etere (eneji emnyama).
Ulwandle inokuba sindululo ngohlobo kwamaza ezibonakalayo kunye amathontsi amanzi. Ngokufanayo, onke amasuntswana asisiqalelo kuba nje ulwandle (oko uyinxenye) okanye yamasuntswana single - drop.

Lo ngumzekelo lula, ngakumbi inzima. Amasuntswana ngaphandle phambi mkhanyo sele ifomu yomtshangatshangiso babe kwindawo ethile.

xinyenyana White - into ekhethiweyo, loo iyahluka ukusuka phezu kolwandle kunye nesakhiwo amanzi. Ngokufanayo, kukho "iincopho" kulwandle lwamandla ukuba kunokubonwa ibonakalisa aziwa ukuba lwakhokela inxalenye izinto zehlabathi.

Sekuba uphila imithetho yayo

Umgaqo sizixhalabise quantum ziyalandeleka ukuba uthathe ingqalelo yokuba amasuntswana eziziziqalelo zibe ngohlobo kwamaza thina. Engenayo i indawo kunye neempawu ezithile, amasuntswana ezimbini olwandle kwamandla. Ngexesha isenzeko obukeleyo wave "uphendulela" entweni Efumanekayo haptic. Kwisuntswana yesibini, ukugcina inkqubo lizama, uba iipropati esahlukileyo.

Eli nqaku ngasentla ijolise inkcazelo yenzululwazi eshwankathelwe zehlabathi quantum. Amandla yokucinga eqhelekileyo isekelwe ekufumanekeni ukuqonda kwabantu yesixhobo ngasentla.

Esezantsi yamasuntswana izifundo physics singabanjwa ithi quantum ngokusekelwe spin (ukujikeleza) of amasuntswana nezakhiwo.

ulwimi Scientific (lula) - isiphithiphithi quantum ichazwa ngokwahlukileyo umva. Ngexesha lokujongwa izinto ezo oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba ingaba ababini kuphela emva - up and phantsi. Isimanga, kwezinye izibonelelo amasuntswana njengombukeli akuthethi "ukuma".

hypothesis New - ukujonga elitsha kwihlabathi

Study sekuba - isithuba amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo - yabangela uqikelelo ezininzi yeengcinga. Umphumo sizixhalabise quantum kwenza izazinzulu ukuba bacinge malunga ubukho mikroreshotki ethile quantum. Ngokutsho kwabo, node nganye - kwindawo yonqumlo - na umyinge. Onke amandla - an integrated grille, kodwa njengokubonisa nokubetha amasuntswana kunokwenzeka kuphela kwiziza ngekroba.

"Window" ubungakanani efestileni lincinane, kunye neSingqinisiso ezingenakwenzeka izixhobo zale mihla. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe okanye ukuphikisa lo mbono, abaphengululi bagqiba ukufunda kwesindululo photons kwi umyinge emkhusaneni lwendawo. Undoqo kukuba photon unako ukuhamba nokuba ngqo okanye amajikojiko - on efestileni oxwesileyo. Kwimeko yesibini, ukuba soyise umgama omkhulu, uya kuchitha amandla ngaphezulu. Ngokufanelekileyo, iya kwahluka photon ihamba kumgca othe ngqo.

Mhlawumbi siza kufunda phezu xesha siphila kwisithuba emkhusaneni quantum. Okanye, le ingcamango zinokungalungi. Noko ke, umgaqo okanye sizixhalabise quantum ibonisa ubukho eli emkhusaneni.

Ngamagama alula, ngendlela ezingenzeka-ntathu 'cube' definition ubuso unezibizo malunga ukuya kufikelela ixabiso komnye. Lo ngumthetho-siseko yolondolozo ngesakhiwo isithuba - ixesha.

UYobi

Ukuze siqonde ihlabathi omlingo yaye kungakholeleki of physics quantum, sifanele sijonge kwi inkqubela yenzululwazi kwiminyaka elikhulu edluleyo. Kuqala wacinga ukuba Umhlaba flat, kunokuba ukulenza. Isizathu izicacele: Ukuba uthatha imilo ngeenxa zonke, amanzi kunye nabantu abakwazi ukumelana.

Njengoko ubona, ingxaki eyayikho xa kungekho umbono epheleleyo yawo onke amandla asebenzayo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inzululwazi mihla ngenxa yokuqonda physics quantum uswele umbono sokubambela imikhosi. Izikhewu tsibayo ukuphehla ephikisanayo kunye eziphikisanayo. Mhlawumbi ihlabathi omlingo Boomatshini quantum ugcina iimpendulo zale mibuzo.