Female Ottoman Sultanate

Kweli nqaku siza ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha Female Sultanate Ottoman. Siza kuthetha malunga ummeli wakhe kunye nebhodi kuqikelelo zeli xesha sikulo.

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha sultanate ngayo oomama Ottoman, amagama ambalwa kwi imeko apho kuyo uyabonakala. Kuyimfuneko ukuba unomdla lungena kwixesha kwimbali mongo.

I Ottoman ukwabizwa ngokuba Ottoman. Yasungulwa ngo-1299. Yaba ke mna, Osman Gazi, owaba umbusi yokuqala ka ubukhosi, ibhengeze uzimele geqe kummandla Seljuk karhulumente encinane. Nakuba kunjalo, eminye imithombo ingxelo ukuba isihloko Sultan ukwenzela okokuqala ilwamkele kuphela Murad I, nomzukulwana wakhe.

Le abenzi bemilingo le Ottoman

Eliwaka Suleiman I Zobungangamela (ukususela 1521 kude 1566) kucingwa ukuba ngexesha le Ottoman. Elichaza Sultan uchazwe apha ngasentla. Kwiinkulungwane 16-17, urhulumente Ottoman wayengomnye inamandla ehlabathini. Ummandla uBukhosi ukuya 1566 zibandakanya ilizwe ibekwe kwi isixeko wamaPersi saseBaghdad empumalanga yeBudapest kunye Hungary emantla ukuya emazantsi ngaseMecca Algeria ukuya ngasentshona. Impembelelo yalo karhulumente kummandla ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 ngokuthe ukwanda. ekugqibeleni kokuwa koMbuso emva kokuba yalahleka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.

Indima yamabhinqa kurhulumente

Ebudeni beminyaka 623 ka ubukhosi Ottoman yokulawula belilelakhe ilifa lomhlaba kweli lizwe, kunye 1299 ukuya 1922, xa ukumkani yaphela. Abasetyhini unomdla ubukhosi bethu, ngokuchaseneyo ukumkani of Europe, abazange bavunyelwe ukuba elawula karhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, le meko yaba onke amazwe Islamic.

Nangona kunjalo, xa kwimbali Ottoman, kukho ixesha ebizwa sultanate yabafazi. Ngeli xesha, sex enobulungisa bezibandakanye inxaxheba kurhulumente. mbali abaninzi abadumileyo baye bazama ukuqonda oko Sultanate yabafazi, ukuba ukuqonda indima yawo. Sicela ukuba uqhelane nalo eli xesha umdla embalini.

Igama elithi "Sultanate of Women"

Kuba okokuqala kule kota wacebisa ukusetyenziswa ngo-1916, Ahmet Refik Altynay, umbhali-mbali Turkish. It ifumaneka encwadini sisazinzulu. umsebenzi wakhe ibizwa - "sultanate kwabasetyhini." Kwaye mpikiswano mihla langoku malunga nefuthe ethe waba ekuphuhliseni eli thuba le-Ottoman. Kukho ngasonye ukuba yintoni na unobangela ziyenzeka engaqhelekanga kangaka ehlabathini Islamic. Izazinzulu phikisana ngubani ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ummeli yokuqala amaKhosikazi Sultanate.

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Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba eli xesha eyenziwe ngexesha ekupheleni amaphulo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba inkqubo loloyiso komhlaba kwaye ufumane amaxhoba emfazwe yayisekelwe phezu kwabo. Ezinye iinzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba abafazi kwi Sultanate of the Ottoman wabonakala kubulelwe yomzabalazo ukupheliswa yomthetho "Kwi woLandelo", epapashwe yi Mehmed II Fatih. Ngokwalo mthetho, bonke abazalwana Sultan kufuneka kunyanzeleka ukuba babulawe emva Ukuvuma etroneni. Akukhathaliseki ukuba, yintoni injongo ababekunye nabo. Ababhali-mbali ababambe lo mbono bakholelwa Hjurrem Sultan ummeli yokuqala amaKhosikazi Sultanate.

Hjurrem Sultan

Lo mfazi (elichaza kuyo inikwe ngentla) waye umfazi Suleiman I. Yaba lowo ngo-1521, okokuqala kwimbali karhulumente, baqalisa ukunxiba isihloko "Haseki Sultan". Xa translation eli binzana lithetha "umfazi oyithandayo".

Sixelele okungakumbi Hjurrem Sultan, ogama lakhe unxulunyaniswa sultanate abafazi Turkey. Igama lakhe real - Lisovskaya Aleksandra (Anastasia). EYurophu, umfazi eyaziwa ngokuba Roksolana. Yena wazalwa ngo-1505 e-Western Ukraine (Rohatyn). Ngowe-1520, Sultan Hjurrem wavuka e Istanbul Topkapi Palace. Apha Suleiman Mna, Sultan of Turkey, wamnika Alexandra igama elitsha - Hjurrem. Lilo eli ilizwi elivela kulwimi Arabic anokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "ngokuzisa uvuyo." Suleiman I, njengoko natshoyo, lo mfazi wamnika isihloko "Haseki Sultan". Alexandra Lisovskaya ukufumana amandla ngaphezulu. Wade luqina 1534, xa wafa unina Sultan. Ukususela ngelo xesha waqala isebenza Hjurrem yabafazi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba mfazi ofundileyo kakhulu ngexesha lakhe. Yena owned iilwimi akwamanye amazwe, ngoko ke impendulo oonobumba wabanumzana anempembelelo, abalawuli kunye namagcisa amazwe. Ukongeza, Hjurrem Haseki Sultan ifumana izigidimi amazwe. Hjurrem okunene waba ngumcebisi yezopolitiko Suleiman I. Umyeni wakhe bachitha inxalenye ebalulekileyo ixesha nemikhankaso, ngoko ngokufuthi kwafuneka asebenze umsebenzi wakhe.

Le ubumbaxa yokuvavanya indima Sultan Hjurrem

Asingabo bonke izazinzulu ziyavumelana noluvo lokuba lo mfazi kufuneka luthathwe njengommeli amaKhosikazi Sultanate. Omnye iingxoxo eziphambili ukuba niyinikele kukuba ngamnye abameli eli thuba ezimbalini iye luphawulwa ezi ngongoma zimbini zilandelayo: zolawulo elifutshane umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग kunye nobukho kwesihloko "Walid" (unina Sultan). Akukho namnye kubo awusebenzi Hjurrem. Akazange Zinokuphila zide zibe neminyaka esibhozo, "Walid" kungenzeka ukufumana isihloko. Ukongeza, kwaba ngqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ixesha wokulawula Sultan Suleiman I mfutshane, kuba walawula yena iminyaka engama-46. Njengoko, ke, bekuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo bayibiza ngokuba ubukumkani 'ukuhla'. Kodwa sinomdla kwixesha ingqalelo ngenxa nje "ukwehla" umbuso na. Yaba imeko embi kweli lizwe udale sultanate abafazi Ottoman.

Mihrimah indawo Hjurrem kwabafileyo (ingasentla - ingcwaba lakhe), waba nguSihlalo dlo Topkapi. Kwakhona ayekholelwa ukuba eli bhinqa nempembelelo kwi umzalwana wakhe. Noko ke, loo nto kuqwalaselwa ummeli-Women of the Sultanate.

Ngubani na ongaba ingabalelwa ngangenani lazo? Sinikezela uluhlu lwe nabalawuli.

Female Sultanate Ottoman: uluhlu abameli

Ngenxa yezi zizathu zikhankanywe ngasentla, uninzi mbali bakholelwa ukuba abameli abane kuphela.

• Eyokuqala kuzo - Nurbanu Sultan (iminyaka yobomi - 1525-1583). Xa imvelaphi ke yelo xesha, igama lo mfazi - uCecilia Venier-Baffo.
• Ummeli yesibini - Safiye Sultan (malunga 1550 - 1603). Kwakhona yelo xesha, ogama real - Sofia Baffo.
• Ummeli sesithathu - Kösem Sultan (iminyaka yobomi - 1589 - 1651). imvelaphi yayo ayaziwa ncam, kodwa wavele kwaba Anastasia Greek.
• Kwaye ke yokugqibela, ummeli lesine - Turhan Sultan (iminyaka yobomi - 1627-1683). Lo mfazi - a Ukrainian ogama Ithemba.

Turhan Sultan and Sultan Kesemen

Xa Ukrainian Nadezhda wayeneminyaka eli-12 ubudala, i-iCrimea AmaTatar babathimba yakhe. Bona wathengisa kuye Ker Suleyman Pasha. Yena, ke, lithengiswe umfazi Walid Kesemen, unina ka-Ibrahim mna, umlawuli we-Ugula ngengqondo. Kukho movie ebizwa ngokuba "Mahpeyker", nto leyo ithetha ubomi sultan kunye nonina, eneneni wema yintloko bukhosi. Kwakufuneka ukulawula yonke imicimbi, njengoko Ibrahim I okhubazekileyo ngengqondo, ngoko ke kakuhle ukwenza imisebenzi yabo.

Eli yeza etroneni ngowe-1640, eneminyaka engama-25. Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuze isiganeko karhulumente ukuba kuye kwenzeka emva kokufa Murad IV, umkhuluwa wakhe omdala (apho kwiminyaka yokuqala kweli lizwe ilawulwa Kösem Sultan). Murad Iv waba umbusi lokugqibela, emalunga yaka Ottoman. Ngoko Kesemen Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki ulawulo ngakumbi.

Umbuzo kahle

Kubonakala, ukuze afumane indlalifa kufuneka ethathe ezininzi ayikho nzima. Kodwa kwakukho ayigange. Yaba into yokuba sultan ndini waba incasa engaqhelekanga kunye ngcinga zabo ngobuhle ababhinqileyo. Ibrahim I (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa ngasentla) bakhetha abafazi onengxeba. Imibhalo iirekhodi ezo minyaka apho kukhankanywa yayenziwe ishweshwe, uyandithanda. ubunzima baso malunga 150 kg. Kule kuthathwa ngokuthi Turhan, owada wendisela unyana wakhe unina, naye waba awachukumise. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto wayithenga Kesemen.

Umzabalazo phakathi ezimbini Walid

Akwaziwa bangaphi abantwana bazalwa amathemba Ukrainian. Kodwa siyazi ukuba ngowokuqala lwezinye wamashweshwe wamnika unyana Mehmed. Oku kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 1642 Mehmed yanakanwa yindlalifa. Emva kokufa kuka Ibrahim mna, owabulawa kombuso, waba umbusi entsha. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha wayeneminyaka engama-6 kuphela ubudala. Turhan, unina wakhe, ngokutsho umthetho ukufumana isihloko "Walid", oko kwakuya waphakamisa ukuba encotsheni karhulumente. Noko ke, izinto zabahambela akazange ngecala lakhe. Uninazala-in-Kösem Sultan, ndifuna ukumnika. Ekufezile yintoni na kwenziwa nawuphi na umfazi. Yena lixesha lesithathu waba Valide Sultan. Eli bhinqa kuphela kwimbali lowo isihloko xa olawulayo umzukulwana.

Kodwa isibakala beplanga yayo washiywa Turhan. Kwibhotwe iminyaka emithathu (1648 ukuya 1651) idlabhuzwe enyundululu, wayithanda. NgoSeptemba 1651 i-Kesemen oneminyaka eli-62 ubudala wafunyanwa wazikrwitsha. Wanika indlela eya Turhan.

Liqukumbele sultanate Lwamabhinqa

Ngoko ke, ukuba mbali inkoliso ekuqaleni sultanate yabafazi ngu-1574. Kwathiwa ke Nurbanu Sultan wanikwa isihloko Walid. Yena izidanga ukusuka kwixesha elinye umdla kuthi ngo-1687, emva kokuba Ukuvuma kwitrone Sultan Suleyman II. Wayesele nasebudaleni yaba igunya elongamileyo, emva kweminyaka-4 emva kokuba efile Turhan Sultan, yaba abanempembelelo Walid yakutshanje.

wafa ngo 1683 umfazi, eneminyaka engama-55-56. amathambo akhe bangcwatyelwa engcwabeni kwi mosque, ukuba sidle. Noko ke, hayi-1683, yaye 1687 uthathwa umhla esemthethweni ekupheleni kwexesha le-Women of the Sultanate. It abaminyaka yobudala eyi-45 ngoko, Mehmed Iv khosi. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba i yelenqe, leyo yayiququzelelwe Koprulu, unyana ka-Grand Vizier. Ngoko uzigqibe sultanate yabafazi. Mehmed wachitha entolongweni iminyaka emi-5 waza wafa ngo-1693.

Kutheni indima yabafazi linyukile kulawulo kweli lizwe?

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili kukuba indima abafazi linyukile kurhulumente, kukho ezininzi. Omnye wabo - Lyubov Sultanov kubantu besini mboniso. Enye - ifuthe oye ebantwaneni babo kunina. Esinye isizathu - yinto yokuba umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग zaye ogula yi ngexesha Ukuvuma etroneni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe kwakhona ubuqili beceba abasetyhini kunye ukuqondana eziqhelekileyo. Enye into ebalulekileyo - koko kuthethwa vizier grand esikhundleni rhoqo. Ubude athathe isikhundla sakhe kwabo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, umlinganiselo wonyaka nje ngaphezulu. Oku, Kakade ke, negalelo sokonakalisa umbhodamo zezopolitiko bukhosi.

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18, le umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग baqalisa ukuza itrone sele womelele ngokwanelisayo oqolileyo. UMama abaninzi kubo bafe ngaphambi kokuba abantwana babo baba abalawuli. Abanye ubudala ukuze ababa saba nako ukulwa igunya inxaxheba kwimiba ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Sinokuthi phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18 Walid akazange adlale indima ekhethekileyo enkundleni. Abazange inxaxheba kurhulumente.

Uvavanyo ixesha sultanate kwabafazi

Female Sultanate kwi Ottoman iqikelelwa ingacaci kakhulu. I sex fair enanikade amakhoboka azaba nakuvuka nesimo yokufumana Walid, beenqanawa esingayilungisanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihambo kwimicimbi yezopolitiko. Ngokukhetha kwakhe abaviwa kunye nokuqeshwa kwizikhundla ezibalulekileyo, bayama kakhulu iingcebiso abanokuzityand. Ukhetho wayesoloko azasekelezwa isakhono ngabantu abathile okanye ukunyaniseka kwabo yaka elilawulayo nokunyaniseka kwabo Abase.

Kwelinye icala, sultanate nemazi Ottoman waba icala ezintle. Ngenxa kuye, unako ukusindisa umyalelo monarchical, uphawu le karhulumente. Kuye isekelwe kwinto yokuba zonke umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग kufuneka ukusuka ubukhosi efanayo. Kungawazi umsebenzi wakhe okanye iintsilelo zakho abalawuli (ezifana okhohlakeleyo Sultan Murad IV, ogama Ifoto ezinikwe apha ngentla, okanye ngamageza Ibrahim I) lulungisa impembelelo namandla yoomama okanye nabafazi babo. Noko ke, umntu akakwazi ithathele ingqalelo into yokuba izenzo ngabafazi, uqhutywe kweli xesha negalelo kokoma umbuso. Ukuze a kakhulu oku kusebenza Turhan Sultan. Mehmed IV, unyana wakhe, 11 Septemba 1683 baphulukana Idabi eVienna.

Ekuphetheni

Ngokubanzi sinokuthi kweli xesha lethu akukho uvavanyo ngembali ifuthe ethe waba kuphuhliso obhinqileyo Sultanate bukhosi nangokungenamathandabuzo jikelele kwamkelwa. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ibhodi wesini ngobulungisa wamtyhala ilizwe ukuze bonakalise. Abanye bacinga ukuba kunokuba isiphumo ngaphezu unobangela wokuhla eli lizwe. Noko ke, enye into icacile: umfazi Ottoman waba nempembelelo ngaphantsi kakhulu kwaye kakhulu ngakumbi kude absolutism ngaphezu ngumlawuli wabo mihla eYurophu (umzekelo, Elizabeth I kunye uCatherine II).