Eyona zedabi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Ubukhulu becala, yonke imbali yoluntu - kukho uthotho amadabi kunye truces, ngamanye amaxesha zezomzuzwana, maxa wambi elide. Ezinye amadabi balahlekile kwimemori kweenkulungwane, abanye bahlale kwi zetyala, Noko ke, nazo zonke bucinyiwe, ilityalwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. A imfazwe leyo kuye kwabulawa abantu abazizigidi ezingama-20, nezilima, imfazwe elikhulu egameni apho lyutovali nje kuphela eYurophu kodwa e-Afrika kunye noMbindi Mpuma, ngokuthe ngcembe ibuyela elidlulileyo. Kwaye isizukulwana esitsha kuphela akakwazi iimfazwe ezinkulu kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kodwa akakwazi ukukhumbula isikhokelo ngokulandelelana eli phepha kwimbali, ezele ligazi, ogcwele yinkukuma kunye nezindlu kwazo elinyukayo.

nxaxheba

Amaqela alwayo ziye zadityaniswa iibhloko ezimbini - i Entente, kwaye ikota (Triple Alliance). Ukubunjwa owaqalisa Russian kunye imibuso baseBritani, eFransi (kwakunye kumazwe amaninzi encedisayo, kuquka i-USA, Japan). Triple Alliance waqukumbela Italy, Germany kunye Austria-iHungary. Noko ke, kamva Italy inxenye Amanyeneyo kunye Amanyeneyo baqalisa Ottoman uBukhosi kunye Bulgaria phantsi kolawulo lwayo. Lo ngumbutho ogama Quarter Union. Izinto ezibangela le impixano, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni iimfazwe ezinkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ekuthiwa ezahlukeneyo, kodwa inkoliso kusenokwenzeka uhlala oluntsonkothileyo izinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa kwezoqoqosho, zendawo. Ingongoma okubila umhlaba kufikelelwe xa aseSarajevo wabulala iTshawe Franz Ferdinand, ithemba elikhulu Austria-Hungarian Empire. Ngaloo ndlela, liqalela-28 Julayi countdown imfazwe.

Marne ukulwa

Oku mhlawumbi iimfazwe ezinkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kwasekuqaleni, ngoSeptemba 1914. Arena zokulwa ukuba zenzeka kumantla eFransi, wathabatha malunga 180 km kwaye 5 inxaxheba imikhosi yaseJamani-6 eNgilani France. Ngenxa yoko, Amanyeneyo yakwazi kunokuthintela nezicwangciso bazoyise ekhawulezayo eFransi, ngaloo ndlela ukuguqula indlela elizayo yemfazwe.

impi Compostela

Oku imikhosi ukusebenza kwe-Emphaya Russian yabalasela njengoko kwiimfazwe eziyintloko leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ukuba obujikeleze ilizwe laseMpuma Front ekuqaleni ungquzulwano emkhosini. Le ngeziqu yathatha phantse inyanga, ukususela ngo-Agasti ukuya kuSeptemba 1914, waza wathabatha inxalenye yabantu 2 million. Austria-Hungary ngenxa elahlekelwe ngaphezu kwe-325 lamawaka amajoni (amabanjwa qukwanga), kunye Russia - 230 amawaka.

impi yiJutland

Le idabi enkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, imeko amanyathelo elisuke laba Sea North (kufutshane yiJutland peninsula). Longquzulwano kwaqhambuka phakathi navies baseJamani kunye British uBukhosi ngomhla wama-31 Meyi ne-1 Juni 1916, intsalela amandla iinqanawa 99 ukuya 148 (malunga ukongama kwicala British). Iilahleko macala omabini kwakukho oqaphelekayo kakhulu (ngokulandelelanayo, iinqanawa-11 yaye abangaphezu kwe-3 amawaka abantu kwicala German neenqanawa 14 kwaye phantse 7,000 nokulwa yi-British). Kodwa contenders uloyiso ekwabelwana - nangona iJamani wasilela ukufikelela kwithagethi nokwahlula ukuqapha, kodwa ukulahleka utshaba lukhulu kakhulu ngakumbi.

impi laseVerdun

Le yenye kumaphepha amaninzi liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, kuquka iimfazwe ezinkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, yathatha uninzi 1916 (Februwari-Disemba) emantla-mpuma France. Ngenxa umlo yabulala abantu abamalunga nesigidi esinye. Ukongeza, i "laseVerdun inyama sokuhluza 'yaba intwasahlobo ngokoyiswa Triple Alliance kunye sekomelezeni Entente.

Brusilov ekhubekisayo

Eli dabi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye eRashiya inxaxheba kwi-South-Western Front wayengomnye kakhulu elikhulu-isikali inyathelo emkhosini, ezilungiselelwe umyalelo Russian ngqo. Uhlaselo imikhosi ephathiswe Jikelele Brusilov, eyasungulwa ngeyeSilimela sama-1916, ngomhla kwicandelo Austria. amadabi Bloody ezishiyanayo impumelelo kwaqhubeka kulo lonke ihlobo awe kwangoko, kodwa ngenxa yemfazwe Austria-Hungary aluphumelelanga, kodwa iilahleko ezinkulu yoBukhosi baseRashiya yaba enye ehlanganisa ezabangela ukuba i-Februwari Revolution.

operation Nivelle

ihlasele Complex eyenzelwe ukuba baphinde bakuthembe amadabi kwi-Western Front, yayiququzelelwe ngokudibeneyo yiBritani France, yaye yathatha ukususela ku-Apreli ukuya kuMeyi 1917, kwaye wayibonisa amandla layo lidlula kakhulu elikwi eJamani. Kodwa ke, ukwenza idabi okuqaqambileyo akuphumelelanga, kodwa ke inani lamaxhoba ayiphucukanga - Amanyeneyo ezilahlekileyo abantu malunga 340 lamawaka, lo gama amaJamani elikhuselayo - 163 amawaka.

Iimfazwe itanki engundoqo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Ngexesha yeHlabathi yokuQala ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu le matanki akakafiki; kodwa ke kwafuneka ukuba kuphawulwe. September 15, 1916 okokuqala kwi edabini ngasekhohlo British Mk.I, kunye noomatshini ubuncinane 49, 18 kuphela bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba (17 yajika namakhwiniba ngaphambi ukulwa, 14 lisenza wanamathela endleleni okanye inkonzo ngenxa umonakalo) , kodwa imbonakalo yazo iye yazisa ukudideka kula manqanaba yotshaba amaJamani waphuncuka umgca ukuya kubunzulu km-5.

Le mfazwe yokuqala senzeka ngqo phakathi koomatshini ikufutshane ekupheleni kwemfazwe, xa Wheeler Breton ngo-Apreli 1918 ngequbuliso nazo Mk.IV ezintathu (eNgilane) kunye ezintathu A7V (saseJamani), nto leyo kwitanki enye kwicala ngalinye zonakala kakhulu, kodwa isiphumo jikelele kunzima ukutolika baxhasa iqela elinye. Wodliwa kwangaloo mhla, "unelishwa" IsiNgesi Mk.A, owayenesifo usindayo A7V kwintlanganiso yokuqala. Nangona kwakuzalwa 1: 7, kodwa inzuzo ihlala ecaleni umpu "isiJamani" ixhaswa olunye zokudubula.

ingxabano umdla kwenzeka, yaye ngo-Oktobha 8, 1918, xa British nayo 4 Mk.IV kunye nenani elifanayo efanayo kwamatanki German (wayithimba), ilahleko kwakungenwe ngawo omabini amacala. Noko ke, le mfazwe engundoqo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wemka ngaphandle kwenkxaso kukho izithuthi omtsha yingozi vehicles.

I-World Okokuqala kukhokelele ngokuwa kanye ezine emikhulu - amaNgesi, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian kunye Russian, kwaye ubunzima njengoko abaphumeleleyo kwi kobuso Entente, kwaye yisiwe ebusweni eJamani, Austria-Hungary, ukuba amaJamani ixesha elide sele ngokusesikweni ndayihluthwa ithuba ukwakha isizwe ubumfazwe.

Izisulu beqala ngaphezulu kwama-12 million abahlali kunye 10 million amajoni ehlabathini lonke lifikile ixesha elinzima kakhulu ukusinda kunye nokufunyanwa. Kwelinye icala, kwaba kule minyaka 1914-1919 kwakukho uphuhliso oluqaphelekayo izixhobo, imipu umatshini ukukhanya yayisetyenziswa kuqala, izindululi sokuqhumisa, kwaqwalaselwa phezu kweendlela emfazwe kunye namatanki, kwaye esibhakabhakeni - iinqwelomoya baqalisa ukubonelela ngenkxaso emoyeni ngenxa amajoni. Noko ke, iimfazwe ezinkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwakukho kuphela harbingers yokulwa ukuba zenzeka emva kwamashumi amabini.