Erlih Paul: Igalelo kwinzululwazi

Erlih Paul - sisazinzulu nogqirha edumileyo German, waphumelela 1908 Nobel Prize ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe kwinkalo zizifo. Ngaxeshanye wayengusokhemisti bacterium. Waba ngunozala nechemotherapy.

Paul Ehrlich: biography

Le nkwenkwe Matshi 14, 1854 kwi Stshelene entsatsheni, ebandakanya abantu abathandathu: nabazali kunye nabantwana abane. Ukongeza, ukuba umntwana mncinane kunye inkwenkwe kuphela. Uyise uPawulos indoda esisityebi, njengoko kuthatha i distillery yaye yabahambi zokuqeqesha. Bonke abantwana bakhuliswe ziyahambelana ngqongqo imiqathango izithethe zamaYuda. Esemncinane inkwenkwe waba nomdla kwimbali yendalo, kwaye yaba ekuqaleni othobekileyo imisebenzi yakhe enkulu.

Yayingeyiyo Karl Veygert (a umzala kukamama wakhe) ukuba negalelo kuphuhliso zonyango nakwisayensi umdla uPawulos oselula. Lomfana esikolweni Breslau, emva koko waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe kwizikolo zonyango. Abafundileyo, Erlih uPawulos wafumana umsebenzi kwisibhedlele eBerlin.

Ukuqala indlela kwinzululwazi

izifundo zakhe lokuqala lwenziwa kwiiseli igazi Isazinzulu entsha, luyawudyobha nabo imibala kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa amalinge bakhe, wafumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo leukocytes, lomongo wethambo wabonisa ukubaluleka ukuze kwakhiwe igazi lwemasti iiseli ayikwazanga kufumaneka kwi zomzimba nokuqina.

Ngenxa luyawudyobha Paul Ehrlich, ifoto apho ubona kweli nqaku, wakwazi ukuphuhlisa indlela ekhethekileyo efumanise iintsholongwane sephepha, nto leyo eyabangela kakhulu inkqubo zokufumanis isifo kwizigulane.

ukuqonda zesayensi

Bala iiseli,-nzulu entsha umbonile ngokutyhoboza bendalo zonyango, nto leyo eyabangela ngakumbi ikamva lakhe. Robert Goch and Louis Pasteur - izazinzulu, ngokusekelwe imisebenzi leyo Erlih uPawulos abeke phambili imfundiso yakhe umzabalazo kunye amagciwane. Sakubon 'ukuba sisengama umfundi ongenamava, umfana ukufunda incwadi malunga Ityhefu yelothe, leyo asinakho ukulishiya ingqondo le nkwenkwe ukuphumla. Kwesi sifundo, kusithiwa, ukuba ungene emzimbeni, bakhokele oluhlala kwiindawo ezithile. Ngaphezu koko, kulula kakhulu ukuba ukungqina ngokusebenzisa imichiza.

Ngoko ke, lo nzulu oselula, weyiseka ukuba kuyimfuneko ukufuna izinto ezinjalo, nto leyo eya iqhotyoshelwe iintsholongwane eziyingozi nilubophe. Oku kunceda ukuba bayeke nghena izinto eziyingozi emzimbeni womntu. Nzima ukukukholelwa oku, kodwa kokugqitywa sisazinzulu kuye kwakhokelela i paint elula wasebenzisa kuphela ngaphandle ukwazi. Waqonda ukuba xa ayinikezi nako ukulandela ngqo le inyama ngoko ukupeyinta, ngoko uya kuba nako aqhoboshele kunye iintsholongwane eziyingozi bababulale.

Ingcamango "bullet umlingo"

Ngowe-1878, Erlih uPawulos waba ugqirha oyintloko esibhedlele eBerlin. Ndakwazi ukuphuhlisa iindlela zabo izifundo histological. Okokuqala ezidaywe iintsholongwane kwi iglasi, waza wathi ancedisana izilwanyana babulawa zizifo ezosulelayo. Ke yena waqalisa idayi blue kungena egazini we umvundla ophilayo. Ekuhambeni kwe olu lingelo ISAZINZULU kumangaliswa nemiphumo ayikholeleki.

imibala Blue nje ngobuchopho kunye luvo. Zonke ezinye izihlunu ziye asiguqukanga ukubonakala kwaso. Ehrlich weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba xa kukho yepeyinti ukuba angcolise ubungangamsha naluphi na uhlobo oluthile esiqwini, ngoko kukho into ukuba ukubulala uhlobo oluthile iintsholongwane eziyingozi. Ngenxa yezi ngqwalasela owasungula ingcamango "ibhulethi umlingo", sithetha ukuba ungene ephilayo eyosulelekileyo into ekwaziyo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu abulale zonke izidalwa eziyingozi.

"Ndibulala" isifo

Erlih uPawulos, isandla eziphilayo leyo ibaluleke gqitha 1906 waba ngumlawuli we-Institute of Ukuhlola serotherapy. Ngelo xesha wayenomdla "sleepy" sisifo eye wabulala ngelo xesha inani elikhulu Afrika. Izazinzulu ziye basungula umlingo "Atoxil" ezitshabalalisa trypanosomes, kodwa mntu walahlekelwa emehlweni akhe. Erlih uPawulos wafumanisa ukuba sixhobo liquka iarseniki leyo poison langoku.

Umsebenzi ophambili we-nzulu yaba wayila kwezo zakhiwo kubulala zonke trypanosomes; kodwa akabanga nafuthe abantu obulalayo. Amakhulu izinto kwazanywa, kodwa ke ezi Cya ukuvelisa sifo, ngoko iziyobisi musa ukungena. Noko ke, nangona ukuphoxeka ezininzi, uPawulos wakwazi ukwenza yokunyanga isifo "wozela".

nezifo ezifana neegcushuwa

kukho izifo ezifana ezichaphazelekayo uluntu ixesha elide. Xa xesha ngeebhakther, izazinzulu ezininzi baqalisa ukufuna ngamagciwane ze zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye ngexesha bakwazi ukufumana amathathu. wafunyanwa inegciwane gonorrhoea Okokuqala, ngoko chancroid kunye negcushuwa ekugqibeleni, oko kukuthi i-arhente causative ka Treponema pallidum.

Unyango for IGcushuwa

Xa elinethoba ezifike kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iinaliti efakwa zaye nje ekuqaleni ukuze lintshule. Ezibhedlela, kodwa phantse lisusiwe. Kodwa ukuba bonke kwatshintsha emva Erlih uPawulos wanikela ichiza elo inokunyanga negcushuwa. Izama ukwenza ukuba beka, isiphumo lalingafani. Hi ndlela leyi, kusetyenziswa imifuniselo yezenzululwazi iikhemikhali bakhe Scientist udale Umkhuba entsha amayeza.

Akademik ecetywayo yokuphatha negcushuwa izinto ezinjalo leyo baqale kwi igcwala ezimbaxa esiyityhefu asebenzayo. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, akuzange kube lula ukubeka ecaleni ngokupheleleyo umonakalo yayo embi ngethuba leentsuku ezininzi iimvavanyo.

ukujikeleza Engalindelekanga standard

Paul Ehrlich, eziphilayo ubizo ogama, ngowe-1887, waba uprofesa oncedisayo, kwaye ngo-1890 - uprofesa waseyunivesithi. Ngelo xesha asebenza kwi noRoberta Koha Institute. Ngowe-1888, ebudeni omnye yemifuniselo lwaselebhu sinokosuleleka nesifo sephepha. Ukuthatha nomkakhe kunye neentombi ezimbini, waya eYiputa unyango. Kodwa kunokuba ukunyanga izifo mnye, wagula seswekile. Xa luphucule imo yempilo, usapho wabuyela Berlin.

Ukususela ngo-1891, Erlih uPawulos, zibe isiqalo ukuba izazinzulu ezininzi imisebenzi, ixesha elininzi eyayinikelwe ngokukhethwa lweekhemikhali ezifunekayo unyango izifo ezibangelwa izinambuzane ngaphandle. Impumelelo yakhe yokuqala kwakuyimini yokulungiselela ngokusekelwe methylene oluhlaza, nelungiselelwe yonyango yimalariya iintsuku ezine. Emva koko, waqala ukusebenzisa ezinye nedayi ezininzi. Ngexesha le misebenzi, waba ngowokuqala ngubani microorganisms waqaphela wahlulwayo isetyenziswa ukwazisa iimveliso. reactions ngumzimba ezabekwayo ukululama.

I Nobel Prize

Njengesazinzulu yaphakanyiswa imfundiso okukwazi - ukukwazi komzimba ukuzikhusela imizimba zemfuza amazwe. Wadala ingcamango amatyathanga icala, nto leyo idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso nenzululwazi zizifo. Ukuze lo msebenzi, kunye ne-nzulu waseJamani Mechnikov wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel ngo-1908.

Erlih Paul: Igalelo kwinzululwazi

Ngowe-1901, ugqirha kunye nzulu anolwazi iqala ukujongana nomba unyango lomhlaza. Waba uthotho eyodwa amalinge apho izilwanyana wamiliselwa ithumba kwakhona wayekwazi ukungqina okwesihlandlo sokuqala ukuba izilwanyana iimpendulo omzimba eyenziwe emva yokuduka le lenkohlakalo ithumba.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu, oososayensi baqalisa ukufumana engaziwayo kwinzululwazi kweeseli lwemasti, anendima ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa sifo. Kwakhona uPawulos akwazi ukungqina ukuba seli ngamnye umzimba ophilileyo, uqalisa indlela omzimba iye receptors ezithile ekwaziyo yokuqaphela arhente zasemzini. Kungenxa ezinjalo nemi- Erlih uPawulos wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel.

Ehrlich wazibonakalisa entsimini of chemistry, njengoko kuchaziwe yi indlela ebaluleke kakhulu amayeza. Kuba oku wamkela Molteno of Liebig.

Yena wayelilungu uluntu asixhenxe zenzululwazi ehlabathini kanye zezifundiswa. Namhlanje igama emva kwakhe: Institute of iimveliso ngumzimba, kwakunye ezitratweni, izibhedlele, amaziko emfundo, imibutho yenzululwazi kunye iziseko, ibhaso ngenxa ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu. Kwakhona igama emva kwakhe Crater eNyangeni.

Ngowe-1909, uNicholas II wawongwa Order of wokufunda St. Anne waza wawongwa isihloko councillor yangasese. Ehrlich wayeka kuba wayengakwazi alahle ukholo yamaYuda.

Waye watshata kumfazi onikezele yomthengi kunye nemiba yezemali yobomi bakhe. UPawulos bebambelele ngokupheleleyo kwinzululwazi. Ayikho enye ayizange ukunikela ingqalelo. Ndikwazi ukubhala kuyo nayiphi na indawo, kuqalwa phantsi neendonga kwaye awugqibe kunye interlocutors ngezandla.

Scientist wafa Agasti 20, 1915 okuhlaselwa apoplectic e Bad Homburg. Yena wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni yamaYuda. Ngowe-1933, amaNazi sitshabalalisa lesikhumbuzo, kodwa edlulileyo izakugcinwa kwakhona.