Kwabantu ngokweMarxist: iimpawu eziphambili

Impembelelo Marxism kwi yokuhlalisana kwenkulungwane yama-20 phezulu kakhulu. UKarl Marx wafuna ukwenza ingcamango njongo ngokungqongqo uphuhliso lwentlalo, ngokusekelwe amanqaku ngembali. Ngokuqinisekileyo, waphumelela.

Yokuhlalisana Marxism e Russia imbali yayo. Noko ke, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe lethu, le mfundiso iye kuthandwa. Marxism yenye yeendawo ezininzi yokuhlalisana kwinkulungwane yama-20. Abaninzi abaphengululi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ubomi boluntu, ngokunjalo ngezoqoqosho kunye nezinye amarhamente iimfundiso ziye negalelo kuyo. Okwangoku, kukho izinto omkhulu Marxism. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha izibonelelo eziphambili lo mbono.

Yintoni na sisiseko Marxism

uqonde ukuba ngcono yintoni na isosioloji abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, ngokufutshane umkhondo imbali yayo. Friedrich Engels, akayedwanga uKarl kunye nomhlobo wakhe, lichonge izithethe ezintathu ziye zaba nempembelelo imfundiso. Lo bulumko German, inzululwazi isiFrentshi imbali kunye yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko IsiNgesi. Main Line, bona babemlandele Marx - bulumko zoqobo German. UKarl kwabelwane enye izimvo eziphambili Hegel, iqulathe kwi yokuba uluntu xa lulonke eyipasile ezilandelayo kuphuhliso lwabo. Funda uqoqosho IsiNgesi lwezopolitiko, Karl Marks (ingasentla) yaye yaqaliswa iimfundiso zakhe imiqathango yalo. Wandichazela ezinye izimvo zakhe wanamhla, ingakumbi, imfundiso yabasebenzi yexabiso. Thina Socialist kunye mbali evela eFransi, waboleka gama ezaziwayo-kakuhle, njengoko umzabalazo eklasini.

Ukuba wamkela theory zonke ezi izazinzulu, Engels kunye Marx nomgangatho ukuqhubekekiswa zabo, nto leyo yimfundiso entsha ngokupheleleyo - Marxism Sociology. Chaza oko inokuchazwa ingxubevange kwezoqoqosho lwezenhlalo, zefilosofi kunye nezinye eyeza zinxulumene kakhulu kwaye ezingundoqo, nto leyo ichaza ukuba iimfuno zabasebenzi. imfundiso Marx kaThixo, ngokukodwa, uhlaziyo kuluntu longxowankulu yaye owayephila. UKarl yahlola isakhiwo, indlela, utshintsho impi. Ngelo xesha nye inyani ukuba uhlahlelo ukuvela ubungxowankulu uhlahlelo obizwa nophuhliso loluntu kunye nendoda.

indlela Marxist

Le ndlela, esebenzisa isosioloji abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, kubonwa nje izinto dialectical. Le ndlela isekelwe ekuqondweni ngendlela ethile yehlabathi, njengoko apho kuxhomekeke kutshintsho ubunjani njengoko ingqondo yomntu, ngezimanga zendalo kunye noluntu. Ezi nguqu zicacisiwe yi lomzabalazo lwangaphakathi ezahlukeneyo ezichaseneyo zihlobene.

kwabantu ngokweMarxist uthi ingcamango - hayi uMdali, hayi umdali. Oku kubonisa ngokoqobo eziphathekayo. Ngenxa yoko, ulwazi kunye nokufunda zehlabathi kufuneka isekelwe ubunyani ngokwayo, kungekhona iingcamango. Ngokucace kakhulu, ukuhlola ubume phakathi kwabantu, simele siqale Musa ukusuka kwindlela yokucinga ehambisana kuluntu, kodwa ukusuka intshukumo zembali.

Umgaqo Determinism

Marxism, omnye yokuhlalisana engundoqo ingqalelo umgaqo Determinism, njengako apho nesenzeko zentlalo kunye neenkqubo, kukho unxulumano kobude. Izazinzulu uCharles wakufumanisa kunzima ukuchonga neenqobo eziphambili ezibonakalisa zonke ezinye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo kunye nezimo. Baye ke ukufumana i header injongo yale ukhetho. kwabantu ngokweMarxist uthi ukuba (imveliso) neentlobano kwezoqoqosho kufuneka ithathwe njengoko injalo. UKarl Marx wayekholelwa ukuba ekuphuhliseni uluntu - utshintsho izigaba kwimveliso.

being Social igqiba ukubone

ubomi Social, ngokutsho Marx, umiselwa kuphuhliso yangaphambili nembali oluntu kunye nemithetho zentlalo-zembali. Umthetho yokugqibela, nokuba ukuthanda nokuphila kwabantu. Abantu abakwazi ukutshintsha kubo, kodwa ibenokuzivuella uze uyamkele kubo. Ngoko ke, ingcamango owayenomdla ukuba uphuhliso uluntu emiselwe intando yabantu, oko kukuthi ezingqondweni imisela ukuba amelana Marxism. Bebindekile imisela zingqondo, hayi ngenye indlela.

Effect Marxism yokuhlalisana

UKarl Marx kunye Friedrich Engels wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuba kufuneka ingqalelo njengesifundo wenzululwazi ngabantu jikelele. Le yesayensi, ngokoluvo lwabo, kufuneka sihlalutye ubomi babantu, yintoni ngokwenene ukuba, ukuba ngubani bayibonisa ngokwabo. Le ezakudala of Marxism wakhuthaza ingqiniseko apho umbandela isosioloji jikelele bekuya kuba uluntu, ozakuthathwa ingqokelela yonxulumano ezahlukeneyo practical ekuphuhliseni phakathi kwabantu ezinxulumene ekuthiwa uyilo generic bomntu. Kulo mba sokuqondwa eyiyo Iwawo ezibaluleke kakhulu loo nkcazelo enikwe yi Marx njengoko undoqo yomntu, uhlobo, umsebenzi, uluntu. Ukuzihlola ngokufutshane ngamnye kubo.

Kakuhle eli umntu

Marx kunye Engels, ukuphatha umntu kunye eziphathekayo indawo, ukuzama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na umahluko ukusuka isilwanyana. Babefuna ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na Okukodwa bayo lolona yokuba generic. UKarl wathi umntu ngumntu zendalo nje kuphela, kodwa uluntu, nto eyenza imiqathango ubukho intlalo ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokusebenzisa ubudlelwane esebenzayo kwihlabathi. Undoqo womntu, ngokutsho Marx, izisebenzi, umsebenzi wakhe lemveliso. Wayekholelwa ukuba ubomi bakhe obalulekileyo ubomi elisaqalayo. Carl wabonisa ukuba xa abantu beqala ukuvelisa izinto abazifunayo, baqalise ukuba bazinikele ehlabathini isilwanyana.

zabasebenzi

Ngoku xelela indlela isicelo ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana yabasebenzi Marxism. Marx kunye Engels wabona njengento umsebenzi abazi abantu, ezijolise ngokutshintshiselana mba nendalo. Karl uthi umntu ukuze ukwabela into yemvelo iphetshana elifanelekileyo ngenxa yomphefumlo wakhe, libeka kwisenzeko amandla emvelo ziphantsi umzimba wakhe. Owenza ihlabathi lwangaphandle kusetyenziswa lo mbutho, ukuyitshintsha, abantu ngelo xesha indalo yakhe. LezeMisebenzi, ngokutsho Marxism, uye wadala kuphela umntu, kodwa uluntu. It wabonakala ngenxa ukuzalana kwabantu, kwaze oko kwakhokelela kwinkqubo yabasebenzi.

uhlobo

Ukuqonda yohlobo kubudlelwane kunye kuluntu isosioloji pre-abangabaxhasi bakaMarx ikakhulu ibhekisa kwenye yezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• idealist (yoluntu kunye nendalo ezizimeleyo nganye nye, babe nto yakwenza, njengoko kunjalo ingqiqo ngokomgangatho ezahlukeneyo);
• ezibonakalayo inhlamba (zonke iinkqubo zentlalo kunye izenzakalo ngokwemvelo ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho ekhoyo).

Ifilosofi Sociology Marxism wagxeka zombini ezi mbono. Imfundiso olucetywayo Karl lubonisa ukuba uluntu zendalo kunye noluntu kufuneka ngokuphuma qualitative. Noko ke, kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo. Ukuba achaze isakhiwo kunye nophuhliso imithetho oluntu ayikwazi kususela kuphela imithetho eziphilayo. Ngelo xesha nye ngoyaba ngokupheleleyo izinto eziphilayo, oko kukuthi ukukhangela kuphela lezentlalo.

umphakathi

UKarl Marx wathi umntu yohlukile kwizilwanyana umsebenzi yabasebenzi ngenjongo. Yena kuchaziwe inkampani (kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba phakathi komntu indalo yenziwa yokucolwa) njenge iseti unxulumano abantu omnye komnye kunye nendalo. Society, ngokutsho Marx, i inkqubo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu, esekelwe kubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Abantu beza kubo xa kuyimfuneko. Ukunyulwa komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni kwi intando yabo.

Umntu akakwazi ukuthetha isosioloji ekunene okanye akulunganga abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Theory nokuziqhelanisa ibonisa ukuba iimpawu ezithile uluntu ezichazwa Marx, okunene uthathe indawo. Ngoko ke, namhla asicimi umdla iingcinga iphakamiswe uKarl.

Base ezikhulu

Kuyo nayiphi na uluntu kuma isiseko ezikhulu (ngokwendlela zokufundisa ezifana ezentlalo Marxism). Iimpawu eziphambili la magama mabini, ngoku siza kuqwalasela.

Isiseko yindawo apho kukho intsebenziswano imveliso kwezinto eziphathekayo. Inika kwimpilo kwaye ngamnye umntu. Production Karlom Marksom kuthathwa kwisabelo uhlobo ngoncedo lwezinto yinto ezifanele ngaphakathi kuluntu. Izazinzulu ziye zachongwa izinto zilandelayo (izinto) of kwimveliso:

• msebenzi, oko kukuthi umsebenzi purposive bomntu, ejoliswe indalo abo okanye enye ubutyebi ngaphakathi eluntwini;
• izinto zomsebenzi, oko kukuthi, abo bachatshazelwa ngabantu emsebenzini wabo (oku mhlawumbi phantsi kwezinto ezinomsebenzi, okanye kanye uhlobo data);
• esebenzisa umsebenzi, oko kukuthi, ngoncedo apho abantu benza ezi okanye ezinye izinto yabasebenzi.

Indlela zokuvelisa ziquka izinto neendlela zemisebenzi. Noko ke, baya kuphela izinto abafileyo, logama nje abantu musa ukudibanisa nabo emsebenzini wabo. Ngoko ke, njengokuba Marx wabonisa, aya kuba yiyo umntu - i yayibaluleke kwimveliso.

Isiseko oluntu aqulethe indlela kunye neenjongo yabasebenzi, abantu izakhono zabo kunye namava omsebenzi, kwakunye nobudlelwane kwimveliso. ifomu superstructure Social zonke ezinye iziganeko lwentlalo kuvela xa badale ubutyebi. Ukuze la kuquka amaziko ezopolitiko kunye neyomthetho, ngokunjalo iindlela ezingqondweni loluntu (bulumko, inkolo, ubugcisa, inzululwazi, ukuziphatha, njalo njalo. D.).

isiseko kwezoqoqosho, ngokutsho iimfundiso Marx, igqiba superstructure. Noko ke, asingabo bonke iziqalelo ze isiseko superstructure imisela ngokulinganayo. Le superstructure nayo, unempembelelo ethile kuyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe Engels (umfanekiso wakhe ezinikwe apha ngentla), kodwa ekugqibeleni impembelelo ebangela ukuba kuthiwe ezibalulekileyo.

Ukupheliswa koshishino kunye neefom yayo

Ngokulahlekelwa - yinto ukwahlukana Injongo isifundo evela kwimisebenzi inkqubo okanye isiphumo salo. Marx ingqalelo le ngxaki ngokweenkcukacha omkhulu umsebenzi wakhe othi "zefilosofi Imibhalo", wadala ngo-1844, kodwa kupapashwa kuphela 30 zenkulungwane yama-20. Kweli phepha, ingxaki yabasebenzi ningazani ithathwa njengendlela esisiseko lokuphelisa. UKarl Marx ibonisa ukuba yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu kwi "iintlobo-ntle" (yobuntu) kufuneka ukuba wenze creative, abasebenzi free. Capitalism, ngokutsho Carl, ngokucwangcisiweyo uyayonakalisa mfuneko ngamnye. Yiyo le indawo ebanjwe yokuhlalisana abangabaxhasi bakaMarx.

Iintlobo ehlukanisiwe, kuba Marx, oku kulandelayo:

• iziphumo zomsebenzi;
• ukusuka kwinkqubo yabasebenzi;
• ngobume bayo (umntu a "iintlobo-ntle" ngengqiqo yokuba wendalo simahla yaye jikelele, yena wakha ngokwakhe (ngokohlanga) kunye nehlabathi);
• ezivela ngaphandle (uhlobo, abantu).

Ukuba umsebenzi asisiso isiphumo umsebenzi wakhe, kufuneka kubekho into leyo imfaneleyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba inkqubo yabasebenzi (umsebenzi) ayiyiyo kumsebenzi, oko umnini. Kuphela enye indoda, ngokuba exploiter, mhlawumbi esi sidalwa yalapha, yaye imvelo okanye uThixo. Ngenxa yoko, kukho propati yabucala, nayo leyo liphonononga yokuhlalisana ka Marxism.

Iintlobo ehlukanisiwe (Marx), ngasentla, lupheliswe ngokudala uluntu elitsha, apho kuya ukukhululwa ukubawa nokuzingca. Ubuncinane, ndiyaphinda, ndithi Socialist, abakholelwa ukuba uphuhliso loqoqosho ngeke ukumiswa. Karla Marksa izimvo zaziwa ukuba sisetyenziswe ngeenjongo yotshintsho olululo. kwabantu ngokweMarxist oye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo nje kuphela inzululwazi kodwa kwimbali. Akwaziwa ukuba nokuphuhlisa ilizwe lethu njani kule nkulungwane yama-20, ukuba iiBolsheviks akazange athathe ezi ngcamango. Zombini neziphumo ezihle nezibi ibiziswe ubomi babantu Soviet yokuhlalisana Marxism, kwaye langoku ngokupheleleyo yokuzifumana.

Hi ndlela leyi, hayi kuphela Socialist babesebenzisa iingcamango iphakamiswe uKarl. Ngaba uqhelene umgaqo efana Marxism zomthetho? Apha ngezantsi kukho iinkcukacha eziphambili.

Marxism zomthetho

Xa kwimbali ingcamango Russian lwezenhlalo le-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu yile yokuhlalisana ka Marxism zomthetho. Ngokufutshane ke linokuchazwa njengokuba yeengcinga theoretical component. Kuyinto yokubonisa yokucinga yamaphephandaba melo. Marxism esemthethweni isosioloji ezisekelwe kwiimbono abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. ikakhulukazi ke ezinxulumene ingcamango loqoqosho zokuzigwebela yokuba uphuhliso kobungxowankulu kwilizwe lethu Kulindelekile ngokwembali. abalandeli bayo ababemelene ngcinga ukulwelwa. Abameli edume Marxism zomthetho: M. Tugan-Baranowski, Struve kunye Bulgakov kunye Berdyaev. Yokuhlalisana Marxism kamva savela ukuya filosofi yenkolo, ndinamaphupha.

Kakade ke, sathetha nje ngokufutshane malunga sifundo, wadalwa yi Charles. Yokuhlalisana Marxism kunye nexabiso layo - ngesihloko ebanzi, kodwa ingqiqo yayo esisiseko ziye zichazwe kweli nqaku.