Ucalulo carbohydrate, ixabiso kunye nolwazi jikelele ngazo.

Carbohydrate - organic kwi ekwakhiweni leyo edla iquka izinto ezintathu kwemichiza: Carbon, hydrogen neoksijini. A lot of carbohydrate Ukongeza kwezi zinto ziqulathe Phosphorus, Isalfure, kunye nitrogen. Ezi biopolymers ezisasazwa kwindalo. Biosynthesis carbohydrate izityalo yenzelwa ngenxa photosynthesis. Carbohydrate benza malunga 80-90% ye ubunzima owomileyo kwezityalo.

Xa abantu, uyazikhomba carbohydrate ngokusekelwe mbandela ongumqwebedu ube ziindawo eziphuma 2% ekhulwini. Wekhabohayidreyiti umthombo enkulu amandla eekhemikhali umzimba. Ukuqhekeka carbohydrate kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba nokusebenza amanye amalungu. Ngokomzekelo, athile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo ikakhulu ngenxa kukwahlukana glucose: yobuchopho - nge-80%, intliziyo - 70 - 75%. Carbohydrate ezifakwe nezihlunu eziphilayo nje zimbiwa replacement (glycogen). Abanye babo enze imisebenzi inkxaso (hyaluronic acid), bazibandakanye imisebenzi zokuzikhusela, alibale uphuhliso eziphilayo (yencindi) sisiseko lweekhemikhali ukwakhiwa iimolekyuli biopolymer, amacandelo iikhompawundi amandla, njl

Ucalulo carbohydrate.

Zonke carbohydrate bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: monosaccharides (carbohydrate , okanye monosaccharides), polysaccharides (carbohydrate ezintsonkothileyo okanye polyose), enamakhulu abambalwa iintsalela molekyuli monosaccharide ezinxulumene kunye.

Ucalulo carbohydrate: monosaccharides.

Le monosaccharides eziqulathe iqela aldehyde ibizwa ngokuba aldoses, nabo eziqulathe iqela ketone, - ketosis. Yi carbohydrate alula aldehyde kunye nee-alkoholi kunye nenombolo carbon hayi ngaphantsi kwesithathu. Ngokutsho inani athom carbon Monosaccharides zahlulwe trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, njl

Triose. Ngaba eziqulathwe ancedisana ulwelo lomzimba ngohlobo esters of orthophosphoric acid njengoko imveliso eziphakathi kwe carbohydrate yokucolwa ngexesha reactions glycolysis kunye ukubila. Tetroses. Okona kubalulekileyo, lo erythrose, equlethwe amalaphu ngohlobo orthophosphoric acid Ester - imveliso pentose indlela ekudleni igcwala. Pentose. Uninzi pentose luqokelelane kwisiqwenga yabantu wokudla ngenxa haydrolisis le pentosans iziqhamo kunye nemifuno. Icandelo pentoses lasekwa ngo ukutya umlamleli, ingakumbi indlela pentose. Zomzimba pentoses ezi isekwimo simahla ngohlobo ortofosfatnoi esters acid zibandakanyiwe khompawundi-eneji isityebi (ATP), ii-asidi acid, coenzymes (NADH, isininzi) kunye neminye biosoedineny ebalulekileyo. Wabalasela lo arabinose pentose, ribose, deoxyribose, xylulose. Hexoses. Bona kwenzeka zikarhulumente simahla kuhlanganiselo polysaccharides kunye nezinye kusitsha. Abameli ibalulekileyo yale iklasi wekhabohayidreyiti glucose, fructose, galactose, Munoz.

Ucalulo carbohydrate: disaccharides.

Disaccharides - are namandla, ezo molekyuli apho kwi haydrolisis zahlulwe zibe iimolekyuli ezimbini hexoses. Kuba disaccharides ziquka maltose, sucrose, trehalose, lactose.

Xa amagama disaccharides ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa amagama ngokwembali ukuyilwa (lactose, maltose, sucrose), ubuncinane - futhi enengqondo IUPAC nokuhlelwa.

Disaccharides - crystalline into eqinileyo, kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini, optically esebenzayo, incasa elithozamisayo, efanela haydrolisis acid okanye enzymatic, kuyaba esters.

Ucalulo carbohydrate: gomopolisaharidy kunye heteropolysaccharides. Ukubunjwa ubandakanya isixa enkulu gomopolisaharidov iintsalela omnye monosaccharide: iswekile, Munoz, fructose, xylose, njl Bathe ungamyeki (njengomntu) izondlo umzimba (glycogen, inulin, starch). heteropolysaccharides zomoya kuquka inani elikhulu monosaccharides ezahlukeneyo.