Education in Russia

Isincoko ngesihloko: "Ingxaki kwemfundo eRashiya namhlanje."

Imfundo - okunenjongo umsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni labantu yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi okanye nezakhono ukuphucula kuzo. Xa amazwi edumileyo umbhali French Denis Diderot: "Imfundo unika umntu isidima, kwaye umkhonzi uba wazi ukuba akukho uzalelwa ebukhobokeni." Imfundo yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ebomini bomntu. Intelligence, nantso into eyenza ukuba ahluke kwezinye izidalwa, ukukwazi ukuhlalutya kunye nezigqibo, ukuba ukuqokelela ulwazi ngakumbi nangakumbi ngehlabathi. Usihlube engaziwayo nokwakha nto enokuthelekelelwa, kaninzi yenza yabetha intliziyo phambi kokuba ukufunyanwa kwemithetho lwenzululwazi, mtsha, esenza ubomi bethu umdla ngakumbi eyonwabisayo. Livumela ukuba abalekele umsebenzi ngemihla, ndihlise elwandle amazwe kunye nokuhlola. Xa amazwi bulumko yamaGrike Mark Tuly uCicero: "Ukuze baphile - kuthetha ukucinga." Ngaphandle umntu ukucinga yengqondo - lo isilwanyana akukho umphefumlo; ukuphila imithetho yendalo, ekhokelwa yi-iminqweno, nethuku kunye ingqondo. Lahla konke ukwazi, iimpapasho zobunzululwazi zeencwadi kangangeenkulungwane ukudala abathanda ngubani abakholelwa ngamandla engenasiphelo lolwazi, kwaye kwixesha elizayo ihlabathi akayi ndawo Ziyatha, blockheads; ukuba nihlukane abantu kulaa ekutshabalaleni ngobuninzi, njengoko sele iidayinaso saphela. Kodwa ukufa akayi kuza ngokuthanda kukaThixo, kodwa ubulima lonke uhlanga lwabantu.

Ngexesha loMlawuli Nicholas nokubhala yesibini yabantu yoBukhosi Russian waye ephantsi kakhulu ilizwe kudala angena era mveliso. Ukususela nokudalwa USSR kunye revolution ka-1917, imfundo wanikwa ephambili, njengoko ukwakha iSocialism, ubukomanisi, kufuneka abemi smart kunye nemfundo. Njengoko V. I. Lenin wathi: "... isikolo sethu kukunika ulutsha isiseko esisiso ulwazi, ubuchule ukuvelisa izimvo wamaKomanisi ngokwayo kufuneka enze abantu abafundileyo. Kufuneka ube, kodwa logama nje abantu kwisifundo sakhe, kubenza nxaxheba kumzabalazo ekukhululweni ukusuka nokuxhaphaza. Inyathelo lokuqala abasemagunyeni - kuvula ikhomishini yokulwa nokubhala eRashiya. Le nkqubo yayiquka: ukwakhiwa kolwimi yesikolo kunye nobuso amanqaku apho baqeqeshiwe abantu bangafundanga semi-ukufunda bayo yonke iminyaka yobudala kunye neeklasi zentlalo; ukusekwa izifundo ezizodwa kunyanzelekile ukuba ootitshala, kanye ngonyaka. Ngapha koko, ukudala imo enamandla kwezoqoqosho, kwezopolitiko, ephuhliswe lwentlalo ngaphandle nokubaleka walibala kwenkqubo yemfundo, oko nje akunakwenzeka. Ekwindla ka-1923, oko wadalwa yi kuluntu ngokuzithandela All-Russian "Phantsi nge Nokubhala". Eyona ngxaki inkulu, apho wadibana urhulumente, waye imeko nabantwana esitratweni ekuthiwa njalo-abalahlekelwe intsapho waba nendawo yakhe yokuhlala. Le ngxaki kusonjululwe ngokwakha ikomiti, elingcwele ekuphuculeni ubomi babantwana kunye nokubhala babo. Kakade ngawo 1935 namakhaya ubunzima sisusiwe. Ukususela ngoko, eli lizwe egubungele imfundo fever. Abantu basondela ngokokwazi, ingakumbi ekubeni eli lizwe wadala zonke iimeko ukuba olungileyo kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, imfundo esemgangathweni. Ngoxa kummandla karhulumente yethu yasebenza inani elikhulu lezikolo yezandla, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi. Ngokutsho inani labafundi mkhulu kakhulu eSoviet Union, amazwe afana ne-UK, eJamani, eFransi, Japan. Kokubalwa, ezaqhutywa ngo-1959, abantu wabonisa ukuba yokungafundi phakathi kwabantu kweli lizwe kuye kwapheliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo. Ngokukhawuleza ekuphuhliseni inzululwazi, kunye nayo, kushishino kunye noqoqosho, ngelixa wayekhula amandla omkhosi nodumo eSoviet Union kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Kwaba ngexesha leSoviet babesaziwa amagama afana namagama ezifana Andau P. A. wachaza oku IE, Kapitsa A. N., bake N. N., Keldysh M. V., Tupolev AN, Korolyov Ukusuka . P., Kurchatov IV, ngubani waba nempumelelo enkulu kummandla physics, chemistry, imathematika, eyama kunye nemveliso irula. Loo uvale enkulu kuphuhliso inzululwazi, uvumele eRashiya ukuseka ngokwalo njengoko lizwe abaninzi abafundileyo ehlabathini. Undoqo kule impumelelo yaba siseko 1977, enshrining ilungelo labemi USSR ukuba bakhulule imfundo kuwo onke amanqanaba ukusuka lokuqala ukuya ephakamileyo.

Inyathelo elikhulu emva wenza inkqubo yemfundo karhulumente, emva kokusayina isivumelwano Bialowieza Yeltsin ngo-1991. Ukuba ngamaxesha Soviet, ubukhosi bethu elichumayo phakathi kwamazwe alishumi sifunde kakhulu ehlabathini, ke ngoku nangoko 71, ecaleni Saint Lucia, Albania kunye eMakedoni. Ngokunyaniseka, namhlanje imfundo yethu abatyhubela iminyaka nzima. Ingaba iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu ukuba ayikwazi ukuba kusonjululwe izinga lokufunda nokubhala urhulumente mihla eRashiya abo minyaka 9 ukuya 49 yi 99,8%, ngaphezulu kwe eUnited States kunye United Kingdom. Kodwa enyanisweni, waqhelana kakhulu nabantu Russian uyohlwaywa ngabo ndandi- sezibalo. Eli lizwe kwezigidi ezibini kuphela abantwana abangafundanga, lowo 700 000 zibe ziinkedama, yaye abanye bahlala kwiimeko ezinzima. Ukungazi minyaka yonke uba ayakwenza, ukwanda nge-8-10%. Inani elikhulu bakholelwa ukuba imfundo eninzi ngoku. Zonke ngenxa yokuba urhulumente yabela imali encinane kakhulu ukuya lungiselelo yangaphandle izakhiwo zesikolo, ngoko abazali abafuni abantwana babo ukuba bafunde kwiiklasi mdaka, oko kwenza eninzi iminikelo wakhetha iimfuno zesikolo. Kwakhona kushishino wemfundo, wenza imfundo ezizisekondari ephakamileyo Russian njengomnye ezibiza kakhulu ehlabathini. Enye ingxaki ebalulekileyo ngumphakamo eliphantsi noqeqesho lootitshala. Abaninzi kubo andazi ukufumana indlela nenqubo eyiyo umfundi, asikwazi kuba nomdla kwisifundo wayo, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba izikolo rhoqo iimeko zongquzulwano; izakhono zokufundisa phantse ndingekho. Akukho ingqalelo ngamazwe kumgangatho Russian emfundo aphakamileyo, ngoko, izidanga kwizikolo zethu zasekhaya ayikwazi ukufaka ngqo kwiiyunivesithi amazwe. imfundo yethu iye ezingonelisiyo kakhulu, asikwazi ukunika amandla lweenkobe abantu abakrelekrele kakuhle ofundileyo. Ngaphambili, siye sinelunda ngendlela siye saqulunqwa kwaye bafundisa imathematika, physics kanye chemistry. Kodwa ngoku asibi saba iinkokheli, xa ukuphakama iNetherlands Sweden, into ekhathaza ngqo imathematika kwaye physics kanye chemistry, esifuna utyalo-mali impahla enkulu: kuthenga, izixhobo zakutshanje eninzi kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo, ukugaya iingcali aselula aneziphiwo ngubani, ngelishwa, encinane kakhulu. Umgangatho wemfundo uya ezantsi, buwela, ukuze kungekudala angaya ingongoma ebalulekileyo, yaye xa uqoqosho iqalisa ukuwa, yaye hayi kude kokwendalo eziya kakhulu kutshanje bayazisile imeko yethu. Kuphela ngoko ke urhulumente kuxhoba, ihamba, zama enye into ukutshintsha, chitha iinguqu ezimbalwa ungxamile ezingeyomfuneko, kodwa kuba kusemva kwexesha.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini yezizathu sokuhla wemfundo kweli lizwe. Okokuqala - oku zobuqu. Abantwana besikolo umdla kangako ukufunda iincwadi, wenze umsebenzi wesikolo, singasathethi imfundo-self. Apha ubuncinane aphumeze imigaqo esisiseko yokuziphatha ezikolweni. Zonke ngenxa ukuvela eziphazamisayo mass ezifana iikhompyutha, kulandele abantwana abahlalela iiyure; imikhosi nabahlobo ebusuku ngaphambili; ukunxila, ukuziyeka, ngomzimba elivisayo. Ewe, kuba wayekho ngaphambili, kodwa kule mihla le misebenzi impendulo kakhulu ngokubanzi. Okuphoxayo kukuba, i inkanuko okufanayo imidlalo akukho ngengqondo, olubakhanyiselayo abantu. Ngoku imidlalo ethandwa, kuye phantse ikota yabemi bethu, ukusuka kukho iziphumo ezibi, oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, ngokubhekisele imeko yemfundo kunye nelitheresi imeko jikelele eRashiya. Ngokutsho uninzi lwabafundi, emva kwesikolo abayi kuba nolwazi luncedo, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba baphumelele (ngokuthi ezifunyenwe ngempumelelo kwakuthetha eyinkunzi enkulu imali). Kodwa, inyaniso kukuba abe usomashishini uze ulungise ishishini labo, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle imfundo ephakamileyo. njani na ukulawula abantu, ukuba akanako ukumelana nayo - yenza wena ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe ukufunda incwadi evela oku akulindelekanga ukuba mbi. Ukuba owakho ishishini lakho, ivenkile okanye yokutyela, unalo ukuqonda kakuhle kuyo. Kwaye abum: Ndifuna uku-odola into ethile, kodwa abayazi ukuba ziyintoni na ezi zinto. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ngekamva, yintoni eza kwenzeka emva koku free, ubomi lula; ukhuselekile kukwazi ukuba abazali babo unako ukubanceda ukuba azinze kwixesha elizayo lulandelayo-up, kwakunye nokuba wena uyakwazi na ukufumana umsebenzi, ngoko kukho kusoloko ikhaya losapho apho uyathandwa yaye zisoloko zamkelekile, kodwa watsho phantsi ngoko bacinga ukuba. Kakhulu, yaye okubi uvele wena esitratweni ngaphandle kwezindlu kunye nemali, ngaphandle naluphi uncedo nabantu ababathandayo, ngenxa yokuba wonke umntu uya kuba phezu kwakho amathe kunyaka nabanye abahlobo kakhulu, lowo kanye akuba ehlekise ngaye, mhlawumbi waze yophula ngephanyazo enzima, silibale ngayo ubukho bakho, kwintlanganiso kunye nabo ukuwa budish zibe bekwimeko ebangela iintloni, ekhumbuza vagrant ethile okanye "bum", bamnikele kuzo kwizibetho zayo, becaphula nomyalelo kaThixo, luck embi, badibanise ezingentle iimeko. entliziyweni yam ukwazi ukuba wenza enkulu, ukubulala, sibi impazamo akayi ukuya esikolweni, baniqalekisayo imihla xa abaphula umthetho, okanye akazange aye iiklasi zesikolo. Ukuba uqonde le nto ke, enye indoda esiza ebantwini.

Uhlobo lwesibini yezizathu - siseko okanye karhulumente. Eyona ngxaki inkulu ke afanayo inqaku "amalungelo nenkululeko zabemi" kunye noMthetho "Kwi Education", nto leyo ithi ukuba wonke umfundi kufuneka bafikelele kwinqanaba elithile lemfundo, nokuba nako, kwaye umnqweno, ayithethi ilingane ngaphezu kuchaziwe kwiSiqendu. Okona kubalulekileyo, kuba ukungaphumeleli neemfuno zoMgaqo-imfundo yamabanga ungekho akukho xanduva. Yile isiphene kuMgaqo-siseko, abafundi, ukubhalisa esikolweni, ukufunda ubungakanani abanjiswe, yeyakhe inkanuko. Wonke umntu ekhetha, ufunde okanye hayi. Ngelishwa, eRashiya yanamhlanje bonke abafundi baqonde lo mgaqo. Ukususela ngokombono ezoqoqosho, utyalo-mali zokufunda aluphele nje. Isisombululo sale ngxaki - kukuzikumbuza imithetho-siseko, ngokudibanisa umhlathi zolawulo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, nobutyala kuba ekufikeleleni kwimigangatho yemfundo yesizwe. Akukho ngaphantsi yingxaki le meko nale nkxaso, kokubini kwimfundo ephakamileyo nezasesekondari. Ngezimali yezikolo zasesekondari kuliwa, ukukhutshwa kwezinto kuthetha ukuba inani pre-ecwangcisiweyo abafundi. Ukuba inxalenye abafundi ukuphosa iintsuku zesikolo, imali eyabelwe uqeqesho lwabo, babe ngokungeyomfuneko, kwaye umthetho kufuneka zibuyiselwe, yaye ngenxa yale mali yesikolo yancitshiswa, abasebenzi abangezotitshala yancitshiswa, kuncitshiswa izinga lemfundo abafundi, njalo-njalo. Njl .. Ngoko ke, zonke izikolo umkhwa eziintloni kwi amanqaku zokuzicingela ukuba ushiye utyalo mali kwizibonelelo esikolweni. Esinye isisombululo kule ngxaki - nokudalwa ikhomishini ukuqinisekisa ulwazi nezakhono zabafundi yokwenene-ihlabathi kunye nokubeka iliso izifundo utyelelo lulonke. Ke ukuba isikolo siya kuqhubeka amanga ukuvavanywa abantwana, ulawulo lwesikolo unyanzelekile ukuba ahlawule isohlwayo. Kwi-Russian Federation kukho ithuba wokwenene ukufumana imfundo ngokupheleleyo nomgangatho ophezulu lesibini nangaphezulu. Kodwa ukuba abantu abafuni ukuba basebenzise esi sipho, ngoko ke akufuneki kunyanzeleka, kunyanzeleke ukuba ukufundisa izifundo okanye ukuya esikolweni. Kule meko xa iyonke ayitshintshi, kwaye uvuka kuqhubeka kuphela ukukhula. Esi sizathu yokwenene, ezikhoyo namhlanje, iingxaki.

Iingxaki ebonakalayo kakhulu, siyazi izinto zabo kunye neziphumo, kodwa yintoni na amandla mihla. Ziziphi iinguqu okanye iiprojekthi zemfundo ziya kumiliselwa izeziphi sele ezikhona. Esi sihloko eziyingxaki ndifuna ndachukumisa kuyo, Kakade, a lunezinto. Into yokuqala ekufuneka ubhale - oku Process Bologna. Kuba abo asilonyathelo kungena iimfihlelo "Freemasons", njalo njalo - inkqubo ukwenza, inkqubo enye olwandeleyo imfundo phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu, kwi-sikhokelo isivumelwano Bologna. Injongo yayo zokuhlanganisa nokuvunywa welungu kwamanye amazwe leMfundo ePhakamileyo. Ngoku isuntswana imbali. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, bekukho ingxaki kunye nophuhliso inzululwazi (engabonakali), lo supernatant ukusuka kokwahlulwa kwimfundo yaseyunivesithi, leyo lalifuna ukuba ngokusekwa kunye nokusayinwa amazwe ezimashumi mabini anesithoba ye Bologna Declaration ngo-1999, kwisakhiwo i Ministry of mzi eponymous Italian. Sivumelwano siqinisekisa inxaxheba ngokuzithandela onke amazwe aseYurophu. ERussia nabo baye bazimanya kancinane emva koko, ngoSeptemba 2003, kule Nkomfa eBerlin. Abathathi-nxaxheba kule nkqubo phantse onke amazwe, izikumkani kunye izilawuli kwi inxalenye yaseYurophu lizwekazi, ngaphandle San Marino kunye Monaco. Xa babeziindleko enkulu Russian Federation, elandela ukulawula ukuya Bologna Process, i ingxaki neze: amahlwempu, ukunqongophala ukuqondwa amagosa kwi imeko ezingundoqo kweli lizwe kunye nemfundo yaseYurophu kwaye injongo yenkqubo Bologna uninzi lwabafundi ningaqondi; kukho ukudideka kunye neenkqubo zemfundo, iiyunithi zemfundo ngokubanzi, ezifana "Nkosi", "Gqirha of Science", "Bachelor". Masithi umzekelo, ukuba iidiploma Russian amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo iza kuvuzwa eYurophu, ngoko, kakade, abafundi bethu baya kuba lula ukufumana umsebenzi, kodwa inokukhokelela ukuphuma abasebenzi abanezakhono kakhulu ukusuka ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe, yaye kamva yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi abanezakhono entsimini. Ewe, enye uphawu ukuba sibe encinane kunjalo, eneneni kwamanye amazwe amalungu okrelekrele aneziphiwo lwesikolo ethu esizwe. Kodwa siseko, iNkqubo Bologna uninike eli lizwe inkxaso kuphuhliso echanekileyo kwemfundo, ngokuguqula nkqubo yangoku.

Kubonakala kum lilishwa krwada, isicwangciso se-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo, yamkelwa ngo-2009, ukucuthwa iindawo mali kumaziko ' ". URhulumente ukholelwa kakhulu kwilizwe lethu ukubonelela abafundi abagqibe kwisikolo esiphakamileyo 1.2. Oku onke amaphupha iimfeketho zokufeketha, ubuxoki noobawo pobornichestva abo intsalelo, kodwa abantu abafundileyo, uya kusoloko kufuneka thina. ukujongwa enjalo wazinqumla umva inkululeko yethu siseko, kwimfundo free.

Oku into ekhathaza yotshintsho emfundo ephakamileyo, kodwa ezikolweni, zilungiselelwe na ngaphantsi ebalulekileyo, iiprojekthi amanqam ukuba ulungise inkqubo yayo yonke. Ngoko enye nguqulelo ibalulekileyo ukutshintshelwa esekondari ngokwesiseko intlawulo. Izicwangciso karhulumente, kodwa kungenjalo zonke iiklasi akayi kuba ukhululekile ukuhlawula izifundo ezintathu kuphela ekuseni. Kwakhona kuyenzeka, izifundo amalungiselelo okuqhutywa kunye nengxoxo ikamva lo msebenzi, kwizakhiwo, ngayo loo mlawuli asayina isivumelwano, kodwa imisebenzi enjalo iza ngemali kwi-30%, abanye ukuba ihlawulwe kwi-mali yesikolo, nto leyo esele "kwi the seams caphukisayo kwisixa semali ngaphakathi yakhe. " Kodwa okuphawuleka ukuba phantse isiqingatha soonyana akayi kuba nako ukufumana imfundo epheleleyo, ngenxa yokunqongophala unemali kwabazali babo. Nemisinga nje kule kwisiqingatha ngokwendawo kakhulu unesiphiwo, smart, ezimisele ukufunda, nabantwana. Ngoko ke, imfundo elungileyo ukuba abantwana bafumana izaphuli izityebi eyonakeleyo kunye nodlame. Ngoku thelekela ukuba kwixa elizayo onke amazwe ziya kusingatha inzala yabo, nto leyo engcono. Nakuba kunjalo, phantse imeko efanayo kweli lizwe ngoku, kodwa hayi omkhulu kangaka.

Ngexesha yakutshanje, ezaziwayo-kakuhle imbeko UMphathiswa weMfundo of Russia, Andrei Fursenko, kwintlanganiso kwebhodi, ephakamisa ukusungulwa uviwo emva kokugqitywa zidanga. Esebuqaqawulini bakhe, ke, amava elungileyo mvuzo kurhulumente. Injongo yale experiment kukuba ukutyhila i mfanelo leyinene imfundo eyunivesithi. Ngokutsho kolu vavanyo ziya kubonakala ukuqeqesha iikholeji eRashiya. Obala nabaxhasi umfundisi wathetha kakuhle malunga ezintsha wangena, kodwa abafundi kunye Umphathi i-Institute awuboni ukufaneleka nokusebenza kwalo mbono.

Xa Russia uza kuyeka ukuba engozini, iimvavanyo abuhlungu kunye imifuniselo. Xa ilizwe kufika ixesha ngokusisigxina, aba ungenelelo olukhawulezileyo kugalela kuphela ipetroli kwisakhiwo ebanjwe umlilo, iziko lemfundo.