Donor-acceptor iqhina: Imizekelo kwezinto

Donor-acceptor ibhondi, okanye nokulungelelanisa bond - uhlobo lwe covalent iqhina. Chonga iimpawu ezikhethekileyo olu hlobo lonxibelelwano, sinika imizekelo ebonisa lasungulwa.

covalent bond

Okokuqala, khetha iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kakhulu kwemichiza iqhina covalent.

Kusenokuba polar and non-polar, ngokuxhomekeke indawo kwisibini electron phakathi atom. Ukuba kukho utshintsho kwenxenye electron ezinoxinano kwicala elinye athom kwenzeka polar covalent gqithisela. A simanga efanayo kunokwenzeka lokusekwa iqhina phakathi non-isinyithi, ukuba electronegativity ezahlukeneyo. Xa kuvuswa, utshintsho elibalulekileyo kwisibini electron kwicala i-atom index eliphezulu EO. Xa lokusekwa ulwalamano phakathi non-iintsimbi ukuba ixabiso efanayo electronegativity anayenza shift iperi elektroni, uxhulumaniso enjalo ibizwa ngokuba nonpolar.

Imizekelo oksijini, hydrogen, ozone kunye phosphorus. bond Polar na zehydrochloric acid, amanzi, ammonia.

Kukho ixesha okhethekileyo, ngenxa nabanako luphawulwa inani lezibini electron zezilwanya phakathi atom.

Njengoko ukuba ukuyilwa uxhulumaniso kufuna electron amabini amathathu unxibelelwano phakathi initrogen, ngamanye lo ubuninzi olungqamana ezintathu. Donor-acceptor bond - icala eyodwa covalent iqhina polar, kodwa Kucingelwa intsebenziswano aphakathi kwezinto.

Iimpawu lo mshini

Ukwenza covalent bond intsebenziswano eqhelekileyo olwaneleyo phakathi elektroni ezimbini (ngababini total). Donor-acceptor bond ezenziwa chemical ngokusebenzisa isikali elektroni kwelinye icala (exhasanayo), engenanto (free) kwi Orbital omnye atom (acceptor). Kwimeko covalent polar (non-polar) kunye nonxibelelwano kunye donor-acceptor impefumlelwano electron ekugqibeleni babe eqhelekileyo.

Imfundo ammonium zesiqinisekiso

Njengokuba kubhaliwe abunjwe ngayo iqhina donor-acceptor? Imizekelo kwezinto zinikwe ngexesha chemistry kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, limited ammonium zesiqinisekiso. Makhe sihlolisise oko imfundo engakumbi.

Nitrogen, inxalenye kwemolekyuli ammonia na kwiqela yesihlanu (iqelana engundoqo) ye lwezakhi. On yayo engaphandle inqanaba lamandla abo electron ezintlanu. Xa ukuyilwa iimolekyuli ammonia kwi covalent nedibanisa nitrogen polar uchitha elektroni ezintathu, ngoko isibini electron, nto leyo inxaxheba kwinkqubo enjalo, uhlala elingasetyenziswanga.

Yaba yena lowo wamnika ilungelo ukusebenzisa iimpawu abanikelayo xa besondela molekyuli ammonia kunye dipoles yamanzi. Xa zamanzi zesiqinisekiso hydrogen abe electron zabo, ngoko kwimiboniso iipropati acceptor.

Okwangoku xa molekyuli ammonia zikufutshane ngokwaneleyo protons hydrogen ngamanzi, nitrogen ilifu ezibandakanya elektroni ezimbini uphendulela in umdla hydrogen zesiqinisekiso, kuba eqhelekileyo kubo. Isiphumo ukuyilwa mechanism tetravalent uqhagamshelwano phakathi nitrogen yehayidrojini, izakuthatwa donor-acceptor. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba umzekelo ezaziwa ukuyilwa ibhondi.

Imfundo oxonium zesiqinisekiso

Kwikharityhulam yesikolo (inqanaba esisiseko) akujongwa oxonium ukuse- (hydronium), njengoko Protolytic ithiyori izisombululo olufundwa kuphela kwinqanaba iprofayili. Ekubeni kukho kwakhona wasebenzisa donor-acceptor iqhina, imizekelo lasungulwa sihlolisise.

Njengoko ngumnikeli kulo mzekelo ziya kusebenza zinemoletyhule yamanzi, kwaye ebonisa iimpawu acceptor Proton. Kujongwa indlela donor-acceptor - ibizwa ngokuba isiseko chemistry of iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo, kwaye ngoko ke kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Ucacisa ithiyori umongo asidi electrolytic sokonakalisa, iityuwa, iziseko, xa unyityilikiswa emanzini ngenxa ukuse- kunye anions.

Xa kusenzeka loo yokuwela irhasi ngenxa wambopha electron kwi iqokobhe zangaphandle atom linkable. Ngaloo ukwanda kwenani elektroni kwi kweqokobhe olungaphandle omnye.

Owesibini Ukwakheka algorithm bond

Kukho nenye indlela apho bakha nesibopho donor-acceptor. Imizekelo intsebenziswano enjalo baninzi, ingakumbi ukwakheka Imichiza yesinyithi. Kukho ukusetyenziswa iperi elektroni ukusuka kwenye i-atom baphendule. Ngenxa yoko, omnye atom wongeza ukuya kufikelela kwisixa esili-ulusu lwabo, kodwa ngenxa ukuthatha inxaxheba, hayi zonke elektroni ezisibhozo, kuphela inxalenye ethile yabo. Abo elektroni ukuba akazibandakanyi, ubizwa ngokuba simahla, yaye ngoncedo lwabanye kwaye udale ubuhlobo donor-acceptor. Imizekelo ezinjalo ukubunjwa yokwahluka donor-acceptor bond zinxulumene Imichiza zesinyithi kwealkali obrak umhlaba. Umzekelo, ngokufanayo walungisa sodium fluoride, potassium, calcium.

Yiyiphi enye into bond donor-acceptor ezahlukeneyo? Sinako ukwahlula iikhompawundi esitalini ezivela ngenxa indlela efanayo ukubunjwa iikhompawundi chemical. Umzekelo, kokupheliswa emanzini hydrogen fluoride, ulwalamano phakathi ammonia ne-aluminiyam chloride, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo.

isiphelo

Ngenxa kulawula donor-acceptor intsebenziswano, qaphela ukuba iigesi egalelwe Kusenokwenzeka enze kufihlwe nje esebenzayo, ekubeni iqokobhe zangaphandle kwisixa esili-electron. Ngokomfuniselo le ngxelo iye livumeleke ngokupheleleyo kwaye ezichongiweyo oxides neegesi egalelwe ukhandwa ukudibana donor-acceptor.

Olu hlobo covalent iqhina kubaluleke kakhulu ebomini bomntu. Ukongeza inxaxheba ebomini yayo ngenxa ulwalamano donor-acceptor ingadala ukutya kumalungiselelo ezahlukeneyo amayeza. Umzekelo, indlela ukwakhiwa kuxoxwe ngasentla Ngokubhekisele ammonium zesiqinisekiso akuseko ammonia sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yesilungu.