Iikhompawundi Complex. Definition, ngezigaba

Ukunika inkcazelo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngqo yintoni na iikhompawundi enzima, chemistry mihla izakuxhomekeka kwi nezibonelelo ezisisiseko theory ulungelelwaniso, leyo yaphakanyiswa yi A. Werner kwasekuqaleni 1893 Iyamangalisa indlela entsonkothe ngayo le mba kuxhomekeke ukungafani kunye ubuninzi Imichiza kakhulu ezahlukeneyo eziwayo kwenkcazo ezintsonkothileyo.

Ngokubanzi, imichiza complex - a ikhemikhali, inxalenye yayo uthotho ngamasuntswana ezintsonkothileyo. De kube ngoku, inzululwazi Akukho nkcazelo engqongqo "amasuntswana ezintsonkothileyo". Wayedla le nkcazelo ilandelayo: a yamasuntswana esimbaxa ukuqonda yamasuntswana entsonkothileyo ezinako ikhona ngokuzimeleyo kwi ngembonakalo yikristale kunye nesisombululo. Le nto ndiyibhalayo amanye amasuntswana sabaqalayo, nto leyo bayakwazi ikhona ngokuzimeleyo. Kwakhona kusoloko inkcazo amasuntswana ezintsonkothileyo kuwa amasuntswana entsonkothileyo imichiza apho yonke okanye inxalenye uqhagamshelo akhiwa kumgaqo donor-acceptor.

Eyona eqhelekileyo, apho ilifa zonke khompawundi imbaxa phambi kwindlela olwakheke ngayo i-atom engundoqo, wafumana igama "complexing arhente". Xa ucinga indlela ezahluke ukuba ezi zihlanganisi kufuneka uthethe iimpawu ngokubanzi lwesi sakhi ayikho imfuneko. Amaxesha amaninzi-arhente complexing i-atom bokwakha isinyithi. Kodwa ke akukho phawu engqongqo: kukho imichiza entsonkothileyo apho atom engundlunkulu i-atom ioksijini, isalfure, initrogen, ayodini kunye nezinye izinto emele nonmetals eziqaqambileyo. Ethetha arhente isigxina complexing, kunokuthiwa ukuba uninzi oko HIV, kwaye ke ezincwadini zesayensi ekuthiwa iziko yentsimbi, kodwa kukho imizekelo apho atom engundoqo kwaye isimangalo elibi, nkqu zero.

Ngako oko, le atom ekwanti okanye amaqela ezikhethiweyo athom ukuba ibekwe ehlabathini arhente complexing, nezaziwa ligands. Oku kunokuba amasuntswana ngaphambili ukungena umchiza imbaxa zinemoletyhule, umzekelo, amanzi (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NH3), kunye nabanye abaninzi, isenokuba yiyo anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, hydrogen okanye zesiqinisekiso H +.

Uzamo Cazulula khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ngokwe uhlobo intlawulo esimbaxa esahlula ezi zihlanganisi imichiza zibe izakhiwo cationic ezithi eyenziwe yajikeleza ngokuqinisekileyo icala ion iimolekyuli cala. izakhiwo Anionic nazo ziyafumaneka, apho complexant i-atom nge elihle igcwala karhulumente. anions alula nanzima ezi ligands. Iqela eyahlukileyo nga bodwa nezakhiwo cala. nokudaleka kwenzeka intsebenziswano malunga cala iimolekyuli atom. Kwakhona kolu didi iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ziquka iikhompawundi akhiwa ulungelelwaniso ngaxeshanye ezijikeleze ion ngokuqinisekileyo ityala kunye molecule ion kakubi ityala.

Ukuba uqwalasela inani lezihlalo yi babizwa ngokuba ligands kwicandelo kuququzelelo, oko uzimisele monodentate, bidentantye kunye polydentate ligands.

Ukulungiselela le khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ivumela nokubekwa ngemvelo le ligand. Phakathi kwabo ukwahlula ammines, apho ligands zimelwe iimolekyuli ammonia, izakhiwo aqua apho ligands ngamanzi, carbonyls - izenzo carbon monoxide njenge ligand. Koko acidocomplexes khona apho atom esembindini engqongwe iintsalela emuncu. Ukuba ingqongwe ion hayidroksayidi, imichiza ekubhekiselwe kuyo hydroxycomplexes.

iikhompawundi Complex zidlala indima ebalulekileyo yendalo. Ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwabo imisebenzi ebalulekileyo eziphilayo. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa izakhiwo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu kuvumela amanyathelo processing ezintsonkothileyo.

iMbonakalo-ngqo yoBume, lo nezokukhupha zesinyithi ezivela sisimbiwa, electroplating, ukuveliswa ipeyinti kunye ivanishi - yinto uluhlu nje elifutshane mveliso ziye kusetyenziswa imichiza ezintsonkothileyo.