Charles Babbage ka-Analytical Engine: inkcazelo, iimpawu, imbali kunye neempawu

Charlz Bebbidzh (1791-1871) - uvulindlela yokudala lobunjineli computer, abasungula iikhompyutha grade 2 - Umahluko kunye zohlahlelo. Eyokuqala got igama layo ngenxa imigaqo zemathematika apho esekelwe - indlela umahluko sokuzalwa. ubuhle bayo kusetyenziso kuphela izibalo zokudibanisa ngaphandle imfuneko phinda nokwahlula-hlula, ezo nzima ukuqonda zoomatshini.

Ngaphezu wokubala

Umahluko Injini Babbage limele isixhobo ukubala. Isebenza amanani kuphela indlela ezinako rhoqo ingqokelela kubo ngokwecebo indlela umahluko sokuzalwa. Alinako kusetyenziselwa ukubala izibalo jikelele. Kohlaziyo efanayo Umatshini Babbage kaThixo ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba nje isixhobo sokubala. Kuphawula inguqu ukusuka izibalo, imishini ngokupheleleyo-isikali jikelele-injongo computing. Kumabakala ahlukeneyo nasekusungulweni iingcamango Babbage, bekukho iiprojekthi ezi-3 ubuncinane. Ngoko ke, kungcono ukuba abhekisele oomatshini yohlalutyo yesininzi.

Kube lula kunye nokusebenza zobunjineli

oomatshini computing Babbage lasi wokugqibela ngengqiqo ukuba basebenzise digits-10 ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya ku-9, kwaye digital ngenxa yokuba zisebenza kuphela integers. Okuxabisekileyo amagiya, kunye nodidi ngalunye inikwe esondweni lakhe. Ukuba eyeka kwindawo oluphakathi phakathi kwe integers, umphumo ayicacisiswanga, kunye nokusebenza umatshini ukuvimbile, ukubonisa yaphula ukuthembeka izibalo. Kuyinto oluthile lwe Ubhaqo impazamo.

Bebbidzh kwakhona ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo abafileyo sokubala ngaphandle wokugqibela in t. H. Binary kunye nesiseko 3, 4, 5, 12, 16 no-100 Ku ime lokugqibela, ngenxa ukwazana kwalo nokusebenza kuba ebulela kuyo kakhulu inciphise inani ezishukumayo.

Umahluko injini №1

Ngowe-1821, Babbage waqalisa nokuphuhlisa indlela kuba ukubala kunye ukubala polynomial imisebenzi. Umbhali iyichaza isixhobo ukuze kubalwe oluzenzekelayo ukulandelelana amaxabiso ushicilelo oluzenzekelayo iziphumo kwifomu tabular. Yinxalenye ubume Umshicileli zoomatshini kukhatshwa ukuya kwicandelo ukubala. Difference Injini №1 imele uyilo lokuqala epheleleyo ukwenza ngokuzenzekelayo izibalo.

Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha Babbage batshintsha ukusebenza kwefowuni. Design 1830, ukhombisa umatshini ezenzelwe amanani 16 nemiyalelo 6 umahluko ubukhulu. Le modeli iqulathe ezi th-25. Izahlulo yabiwa ngokulingana phakathi ikhompyutha kunye icandelo lomshicileli. Ukuba ifowuni yakhiwe, inge ubunzima abaqikelelwa iitoni-4 yaye sibe ukuphakama 2,4 m. Sebenza kwi Babbage Umahluko injini wayeka ngo-1832, emva kokuba imbambano nge njengoononjineli Joseph Clement. mali Public ziphela ekugcineni ngo-1842

injini analytical

Xa umsebenzi kumatshini umahluko etyetyisiweyo ngo-1834, Babbage wamitha isixhobo wanda, apho kamva ogama mechanism computing ofakwe jikelele zohlalutyo. Iimpawu noshowo le Babbage umatshini ubukhulu becala bahambelana kwiibloko esisiseko ye computer digital mihla. Programming kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amakhadi umthwalo. Lo mbono abolekwe lomsonti Jacquard, apho asetyenziselwa ukwenza iipateni textile ezintsonkothileyo.

Isakhiwo ubhalo lwe injini Babbage analytical ngokusisiseko ekwafanekisa kuyilo lubalaseleyo electronic yekhompyutha era, nto leyo ithetha Memory ( "Store") wahlukana kumqhubekekisi central ( "lokusila"), uphumezo ezilandelelana kakuhle kwaye kuthetha ukuba igalelo kunye neziphumo ze data kunye nemiyalelo. Ngoko ke, isihloko yophuhliso novulindlela yombhali ubuchwepheshe be-computer waba olulifaneleyo kakuhle.

Imemori CPU

Le Babbage Umatshini yi "ivenkile" apho ugcina amanani kunye iziphumo zexeshana, kwakunye njenge "lokusila" separate, leyo umenzi processing arithmetic. Waye iseti-4 Imisebenzi izibalo kwaye ukwenza uphinda-phindo ngqo kunye hlula. Ukongeza, isixhobo unako ukwenza imisebenzi ukuba ngoku amagama kumjikelo olunemiqathango eyayizalwa (bophindo), microprogramming, processing parallel, ithengise, ukubetha kwentliziyo ekubumbeni njalo njalo. N. Umbhali kwesigama loo nto kusetyenziswa.

CPU injini yohlalutyo kaCharles Babbage, koko wathi "okusila", inikeza:

• ukugcina amanani, imisebenzi leyo zenziwe ngoko nangoko, kwiirejista;
• It umntu iintsimbi ukusebenza nabo imisebenzi engundoqo izibalo;
• nokudlulisela kumsebenzisi-ongumhlobo lwangaphandle imiyalelo yolawulo lwangaphakathi eneenkcukacha;
• Ungqamaniso system (iwotshi) ukwenza imiyalelo ngendlela ekhethiweyo ngononophelo.

Isixhobo yolawulo Umatshini yohlalutyo isebenza ngokuzenzekelayo yaye iquka iinxalenye ezimbini: inowuthi kwinqanaba, olawulwa yi imigqomo ezinkulu, ngokuba casks, yaye inqanaba eliphezulu usebenzisa amakhadi ngamanqindi eyenzelwe jacquard ngodlame, lisetyenziswa kwi 1800 ekuqaleni.

izixhobo output

Isiphumo yobalo uboniswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kuquka yoshicilelo, amakhadi ngamanqindi, iyelenqe nokuveliswa oluzenzekelayo iingcinga - ezi izithebe izinto ezithambileyo apho isiphumo woshicilelo iveliswa enokunceda ifomu bephosa amacwecwe yoshicilelo.

design entsha

umsebenzi nguvulindlela of Babbage ka-Analytical Injini ukuba kakhulu kugqitywa ngo-1840 waza waqalisa ukuba siphuhlise isixhobo esitsha. Kweli thuba ukususela 1847 ukuya 1849 wayigqiba Engine yophuhliso №2 Umahluko, i oluphuculiweyo inguqulelo yokuqala. Le ukuguqulwa lwenzelwe intsebenziswano kunye amanani-bit 31 kwaye nesiphumo tabular ziyile nawuphi na umyalelo polynomial 7. Uyilo kwaba Ilula kakhulu kwaye ifuna kuphela yesithathu inani iinxalenye imodeli yokuqala, ukunika amandla kwakhe computing ngokulinganayo.

Umahluko kunye Engine okuhlalutya Charles Babbage wasebenzisa uyilo isixhobo imveliso enye, nto leyo eyenza kuphela printout ephepheni, kodwa wenze ngokuzenzekelayo iingcinga kunye nefomathi yabo intando ngokungqinelana uyilo kwangaphambili mqhubi iphepha le. Ngelo xesha nye Kujongwe ukuba kungenzeka ngokundimisela ukuphakama umgca, inani lwemihlathi, nobubanzi asendle, inika imiqolo yokukhwabusha oluzenzekelayo okanye imiqolo kunye nokubekwa migca sofundo.

lemveli

Ngaphandle eziliqela ngokuyinxenye wadala libandla uvavanyo imifuziselo mechanical zamacandelo ezincinane zokusebenza, akukho namnye izakhiwo khange iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo ubomi Babbage. The main bahlanganisana ngo-1832 lo mfuziselo inxalenye 1/7 №1 Umahluko Engine, olu sapho lwaluquka malunga namawaka amabini. Pieces. Isebenza alenze kule mini kwaye isixhobo lokuqala oluphemeleleyo computing oluzenzekelayo ukuba ilisebenzisa izibalo kwi indlela. Babbage wafa xa ndisiya yinxalenye encinane yolwazi Analytical yenjini. iinkcukacha ezininzi isakhiwo Bagciniwe, kwakunye yokugcina olupheleleyo imizobo namanqaku.

Projects enkulu iikhompyutha mechanical Babbage ingqalelo enye yempumelelo ezimangalisayo ngokwasengqondweni kwinkulungwane XIX. Kuphela mashumi yakutshanje umsebenzi wakhe uye wafunda ngokubanzi, kwaye iqondo ukubaluleka ngoko akwenzileyo, siyibone ngakumbi.