Biography emfutshane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova: imbali yobomi, olufunyanisiweyo, impumelelo kunye neempawu yomsebenzi

Mechnikov iikulya Ilyich, ngobomi (ibali lobomi) umdla kakhulu - kweemveku Russian, i engokuthintelwa kunye bacterium. Le inzululwazi iye thaca ngayo izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwinzululwazi. Ngowe-1908 yena wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel e Physiology okanye Medicine Prize. Nangona kunjalo, oku nje enye yempumelelo ezininzi Ili Ilicha. biography emfutshane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova uya kwazisa ukuba ubomi ezifunyaniswe ezisisiseko ezenziwe ezi zizazinzulu.

Ile Iliche weva zombini biology basekhaya kunye angaphandle, zizifo kunye zomzimba. Ngeentshuntshe ukuba emsebenzini kwaye nzulu kwaye ibe kweemveku kwaye sezifo. Nguye ngomnye wabaseki embryology yendaleko. Ukongeza, yena udumo lokufunyanwa ukwetyisa intracellular kunye phagocytosis, kwaye ngaphezulu. Konke oku ngaphezu ngokwaneleyo ukuba abaninzi benu ukuze ube nomdla kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova.

Ngemvelaphi sisazinzulu elizayo

Wazalwa kwidolophana Ivanovka (kufuphi eKharkov, Ukraine) ngo-1845. uyise wakhe kwigosa baqeshe amapolisa Tsarist imfihlelo iikulya Ivanovich, ababekhonza eSt Petersburg. Phambi kokuya ku Manor Ukrainian, lo mntu walahlekelwa amakhadi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye njengekhazi umfazi wakhe impahla yosapho. Emiliya Mechnikova (nee - Nevakhovich) engunina Ili Ilicha. Uyise eli bhinqa ngumbhali esisityebi yamaYuda Lev Nevahovich. Emilia negalelo ekubeni unyana wakhe, ndingowokugqibela kubantwana abahlanu, wakhetha sisazinzulu umsebenzi.

Imfundo kwi Lyceum kunye University of

biography emfutshane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova waphawula ukuba ukususela ebuntwaneni ukuba unomdla kwimbali yendalo. Future Scientist wafunda emihle eKharkov Lyceum. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-16 Mechnikov wabhala inqaku ithiwe thaca kwi-ukugxeka kwincwadi yokwakheka komhlaba. Kuye epapashwe kwiphephancwadi eMoscow. Emva kokuphumelela honors kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo (ngo-1862), kulya Ilyich wagqiba ekubeni athabathe isifundo yesakhiwo cell. Wangena ngawo University of baseWürzburg. Lilandele mood, iikulya Mechnikov waya eJamani. Akazange nokuba bayazi ukuba iiveki kuphela emva 6 kokuqala engqesho. Kanye isixeko engaqhelekanga yedwa, ngaphandle ulwazi German, kulya wagqiba kwelokuba abuyele kwiYunivesithi eKharkov. Wayizisa inguqulelo German incwadi ethi 'The Origin of Species Esebenzisa Ukhetho Natural' yi Charles Darwin. Ngeentshuntshe, emva kokufunda le ncwadi, ndaba lweli imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela.

I Mechnikov kuqala

Iikulya Ilyich izidanga eKharkiv ikhosi ngonyaka-4 iminyaka emi-2. Osele nolwazi nge isakhiwo izilwanyana asezantsi (iziponji, iintsholongwane kunye namanye ezingenamqolo), kulya Mechnikov waqonda ukuba eziphilayo kuphuhliswa ngakumbi kakhulu, ngokutsho ingcamango zikaDarwin, kwi sakhiwo kufuneka babe sendiselane phakathi kwabalulamileyo, abo izinyanya zabo. embryology ezinomqolo ngelo xesha ngcono kakhulu ezaba ngaphezu embryology of ezingenamqolo. Kulya Mechnikov wachitha isifundo kunyaka ozayo-3 kwingingqi kancinane-ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke. Waya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo aseYurophu: batyelela ngayo. Helgoland kuLwandle North, elabhoratri ka R. Leuckart kufuphi eFrankfurt, e Naples, apho wayesebenza kunye Aleksandrom Kovalevskim, nzulu oselula Russian. Emsebenzini, apho ziye zabonisa ukuba izilwanyana multicellular layers intsholongwane ezi homologous (isakhiwo lwabo efanayo), njengoko kufuneka ongeyonxalenye ezinxulumene eyodwa, izise izazinzulu ngokomrhumo KE von Baer. Ngeli xesha, Mechnikov nje eneminyaka engama-22 ubudala. Ngenxa ombane enkulu ngeli xesha waqalisa ukuba buhlungu amehlo am. Mechnikov ndinexhala le oluthile ukuba eminye iminyaka eli-15. Kwakubuhlungu ukuba ukusebenza kunye ngemicroscope.

izifundo zobugqirha, izifundo, kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kwiphulo

Emva Ngokukhusela ithisisi yakhe kuphuhliso osandul intlanzi kunye saselwandle esineqokobhe, lwenzeka ngo-1867, wafumana isidanga sobugqirha wakhe Mechnikov iikulya Ilyich. biography emfutshane yeminyaka yakhe kamva, linxulunyaniswa kwikomkhulu Russian, njengoko wayezithethelela e St. Petersburg University waza waqalisa ukufundisa apha komzimba lokuthelekisa kunye ngokuphila. iminyaka 6 banikela iintetho kule yunivesithi. Ke iikulya Mechnikov waba lilungu kwiphulo yemvelaphi. Kunye nezinye abaphandi, waya kuLwandle lweCaspian, kuloo ndawo awayehlala Kalmyks. Injongo hambo - imilinganiselo anthropometric, evumela iquka Kalmyks ukuya uhlanga Mongoloid. Mechnikov sibuyele e Odessa wonyulwa umncedisi unjingalwazi University Novorossiysk.

Ubomi e Odessa kunye ukufudukela eItali, ukubhaqwa ziiphagocytes

Odessa, elise kuLwandle Black yaba yindawo enkulu ukuhlola iseti kwezilwanyana zaselwandle. Abafundi babethanda Ilyu Ilicha, kodwa elandayo izidubedube zezopolitiko nezentlalo eRashiya ngelo sisazinzulu xesha wayewaxinile.

Ngowe-1881, emva kokubulawa Alexander II, waqinisa izenzo yokuchasa ulawulo lorhulumente omtsha. WokuRhoxa Mechnikov wafudukela Italy (Messina). Apha, njengoko wakhumbula, bebase impumelelo kwimisebenzi yayo yophando. Mechnikov waba sezifo. Wavele Buyatshintsha ubomi bakhe ngenxa yokuvulwa Ili Ilicha kokuma ezidla ezizinkwenkwezi. Le Isazinzulu yaphawula ukuba iiseli motile zezidalwa eziphilayo zingqonge umzimba langaphandle, bese umzimba kubo. A meko efanayo iqatshelwe impendulo yokukrala emzimbeni womntu. Ukuba ibhunga langaphandle incinane ngokwaneleyo, iiseli eziphekuziweyo (ziiphagocytes Mechnikov wababiza) ukufunxa ngokupheleleyo osanda.

mbono Mechnikov

Mechnikov wayengenguye kuqala ukuba iiseli ezimhlophe imizimba izilwanyana ezitya eziphilayo alingenele imida zabo, kuquka iintsholongwane. Noko ke, oko kwakukholelwa ukuba inkqubo kukufakwa waphawula kwi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukuze kuhanjiswe ngawo umzimba kwamagciwane ngokusebenzisa kwegazi. Iikulya Ilyich yabamba enye ingcaciso. Ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, wakhangela ngalo amehlo okanye kweemveku. ziiphagocytes Mobile e korale kwindawo musa nje ukufunxa into amazwe. Kwakhona sitshabalalisa ezinye kwinyama xa umzimba kungekho mfuneko kubo. leukocytes zabantu ziiphagocytes ezizinkwenkwezi homologous embryological, kuba bobabini bavela kwi mesoderm. Kule, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba, efana ziiphagocytes, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi enze umsebenzi lococeko okanye zokhuselo. Ke iikulya I. wabonisa njani ezi seli ngokuvisisana ebhadula selubala iintakumba zamanzi.

Metchnikoff koko ubhala sifo, ngokwale hypothesis, kukho imfazwe phakathi amagciwane umzimba ziiphagocytes wangena ezivela ngaphandle. Noko ke, kule minyaka ingcamango Ili Ilicha alubonwanga zizazinzulu. Kulo mba, ngokubanzi, ukuba lifana ezifana abanegama njengoko iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov, biography. oosonzululwazi Great rhoqo abasamkeli kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, kwaye kuthatha ixesha ukufumana izimvo zabo ingqalelo kakuhle yayibafanele. Ngale ndlela, Mechnikov nokuba unethamsanqa - iinkonzo bakhe ayazise ibhaso le-Nobel Prize, nangona asiyi kuba kwaoko. Kodwa kudla ngokwenzeka ukuba udumo kumadoda amakhulu kuza kuphela emva kokufa.

Buyela Odessa

Mechnikov ngo-1886 wabuyela Odessa. Koko wabubhekisa i kwiBacteriological Institute, elisandul ihlelwe. Apha Inzululwazi ukuba ukuhlola ifuthe ziiphagocytes iinkawu, imivundla kunye nezinja ezi ntsholongwane ezibangela relapsing fever kunye erysipelas. abasebenzi balo nabo lisebenze ukuphuhlisa imithi anthrax iigusha chicken sorhudo. Mechnikov kwafuneka lijongane newspapermen, ngokunqwena bashile, kwakunye noogqirha basekuhlaleni, ayendityhola naye yokunqongophala imfundo ngezempilo. Ngowe-1887, kulya Ilyich wagqiba ukushiya okwesibini Russia. biography emfutshane Ili Mechnikova sele bayahamba kwikomkhulu French.

Ubomi e Paris, baqhubeka isifundo ziiphagocytes

In Paris wayedibana Lui Pasterom. Isazinzulu French wambuza ukuba intloko kwelebhu elitsha obuyiyile Pasteur Institute. Kwiminyaka-28 ezayo, Mechnikov wasebenza apha, nokuqhubeka ukuhlola le ziiphagocytes.

imisebenzi Mechnikov eyenziwe eParis, wenza igalelo elikhulu inani obafunyanwa ezisisiseko malunga nohlobo omzimba. Zhyul Borde, umfundi Ili Ilicha lubonise yintoni indima ekutshatyalalisweni eziphilayo udlala ngumphelelisi (into efumaneka serum oqhelekileyo). Oku kwenza ukuba zizisulu ukuba ziiphagocytes.

Amanye amacebiso Mechnikov

Xa ingcamango umsebenzi iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi kunye nokubaluleka phagocytosis iye kakuhle kangaka phakathi immunologists baqala ukuphuhlisa ezinye izimvo ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. iinkcukacha zomntu kanye lwenzululwazi oko kubandakanya inani leefekthi umdla. Ngokukodwa, wathumela ingxaki ukwaluphala nokufa. Mechnikov epapashwe ngo-1903 incwadi ethetha "orthobiosis", oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukuhlala ngasekunene. Lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuba "Nature of Man". Kuthiwa ngokubaluleka isondlo, kwakunye nemfuneko yokuba kokuba Ukuba kwisininzi ukutya iimveliso zobisi, ingakumbi iyogurt, olufakiweyo lwabiliswa kunye ezingezoze bulgaricus. Name iikulya Mechnikov kukwanxulunyaniswa indlela ethandwayo Manufacturing iyogurt. Le ndlela yaba ngokorhwebo yimpumelelo, kodwa sisazinzulu nayiphi na imali zophando lwakhe zange afumane.

biography emfutshane Ili Mechnikova uphawulwe isiganeko ebalulekileyo 1908. Kwathiwa ke ngomsebenzi wakhe sifo, yena wawongwa ngeMbasa kaNobel Medicine kunye Physiology Prize. ndawonye Its Paul Ehrlich kunye iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov, microbiologists. Biography Ili Ilicha waqhubeka iziganeko ebomini bakhe.

impilo Personal Mechnikov

Ngowe-1869, enye ingcali yenzululwazi wayetshate Lyudmila Fedorovich, abagulayo nesifo sephepha. Esi sibini ingenabantwana. Xa umfazi wakhe wafa kwiminyaka 4 kamva, Mechnikov wazama ukuzibulala ngokuthatha icaffeine. Ngoxa esebenza e University Odessa, ngo-1875, wadibana uOlga Belokopytova, umfundi oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, yayindoda yakhe. Emva kokuba wangenwa yicesina, kwakhona iikulya Ilyich wazama ukuzibulala, ngoku agents ukuxhaswa relapsing umkhuhlane. Kodwa ke, kunzima ebegula, yena wachacha. Ngaphezu koko, esi sifo ndawunciphisa okubi ogquba le ingcali yenzululwazi, kwakunye ngenxa ekuphuculeni umbono. In Mechnikov yaye umfazi wesibini engafumani bantwana. Noko ke, emva kokuba abazali kokufa Olga, Mechnikovs intsimbi kangcono oodade abathathu nabazalwana bakhe ababini.

Ukufa-nzulu enkulu

Iikulya Ilyich Mechnikov: engobomi, imisebenzi usapho - konke oku, siye ngokufutshane kwakhona. Kuhleli kuphela ukuba bathi iikulya Mechnikov wafa ngoJulayi 15, 1916 eParis, emva uthotho isifo sentliziyo. Ngenxa yoko, waphila iminyaka engama-71.

Ngoko ke, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane Ili Ilicha Mechnikova baziswa ukuba amahlandinyuka obomi bakhe kunye impumelelo ibalulekileyo. Ingaba ufuna ukuqhubeka iyazazi ukuba sisazinzulu enkulu? Ngokuqinisekileyo ufanelwe Mechnikov iikulya Ilyich. biography emfutshane ayanelanga ngokucacileyo ukuba isifundo ubuntu kunye nezimvo Scientist abangaka lilodwa. Akukho kuphela kwilizwe lethu, kodwa kulo lonke ihlabathi inegunya ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Iibhayografi kumagqirha, nkqu edumileyo, akunakufane bakwazi ukukhuphisana naye ngenxa impumelelo.