Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. biography Brief Butlerova AM

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane ifumaneka phantse zonke iincwadi zezifundo ze chemistry - le yasekhemesti odumileyo Russian, umseki yesikolo yenzululwazi organic chemistry, umseki thiyori ubume oganikhi khompawundi, ukuqikelelwa kwaye wachaza isomerism inani elikhulu oganikhi khompawundi kwaye bafaka ezinye zazo (methenamine, formaldehyde Polymer kunye pr.). Kwakhona, Alexander, igalelo lakhe kwinzululwazi adunyiswe D. I. Mendeleev, imisebenzi ebhalwe ukufuywa kwezolimo.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: ibhayografi emfutshane

-Nzulu elizayo wazalwa Septemba 15, 1828 usapho umkhosi owayesakuba, ngelo xesha, umnini-mhlaba. Uyise uMikhail wayebandakanyekile 1812 emfazweni, yaye emva yokurhoxa nentsapho yakhe babehlala kwilali izinyanya Butlerovka. Mama, Nozipho Alexandrovna, wafa eneminyaka engama-19, ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa. sachithwa Butlerovke Alexander kunye notatomkhulu wakhe kwilifa esengumntwana - elalini Podlesnaya Shantala, apho oodadobawo kwezemfundo. Eneminyaka eyi 10 ubudala wathunyelwa kwisikolo esibhodisayo zabucala, apho Iyakwazi isiFrentshi kwakunye nesiJamani. Ngowe-1842, emva kokuba umlilo embi e Kazan, ibhodi yavalwa, yaye Sasha kudluliselwa 1 st Kazan yokuzilolonga. izinambuzane ukuqokelela kunye nezityalo, abanomdla ngamandla chemistry kwenziwa amalinge yakhe yokuqala kwezi zikolo Butlerov. Isiphumo Kolunye kuzo kwantinga, kwaye isohlwayo noko wakwenzayo Alexander - ". The yasekhemesti enkulu 'isiphelo ngo ezibandayo kunye nelitye phezu esifubeni sakhe,

iminyaka umfundi

Ngowe-1844, Butlerov A. M., ogama Ibhayografi kwakugcwele nothando chemistry, waba umfundi kwiYunivesithi Kazan, ngubani ke ngoko iziko lophando zendalo lwenzululwazi. Ekuqaleni, lo mfana lasiwa ngezilwanyana kunye Botany, kodwa ke inzala yakhe phantsi kweempembelelo iintetho KK noKlaus N. N. Zinina naa ngemichiza. On amacebiso abo kubantu abatsha amalungiselelo ilabhoratri ikhaya, kodwa umxholo umninindlu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba Zinin wafudukela eSt Petersburg, kwakukho amabhabhathane.

Emva kokuphumelela ngo-1849, i-University of Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich, leyo wambongoza N. I. Lobachevsky and K. K. uKlaus, wazinikela ekufundiseni zokufundisa phezu kwendawo ngokwasemzimbeni, physics kanye chemistry. Kwaye Alexander waba neciko obalaseleyo, ukuba akwazi ukubamba ngokupheleleyo abaphulaphuli ingqalelo kubulelwe ukucaca yayiyetyumzayo. Ukongeza izifundo e eyunivesithi Butlerov emandiyenze ifumaneka esidlangalaleni. Le midlalo ababukeli Kazan ngamanye amaxesha bakhetha yimveliso nendlela kumabala emidlalo. Wafumana isidanga master ngowe-1851, nyaka watshata Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilino - nomtshana Sergeya Timofeevicha Aksakova. Wamela thesis zobugqirha yakhe kwiminyaka emi-3 e Moscow State University kumxholo othi "Ngomhla oli ezibalulekileyo." Emva koko wonyulwa ngo abagqithiseleyo Kazan University, kwiminyaka embalwa kamva unjingalwazi ezele chemistry. Ukususela 1860 ukuya 1863 nxamnye nokuthanda kwakhe Ibambela kabini Ngqonyela, lo principalship yaba ixesha kunokuba nzima yomlando yunivesithi: Curtin umngcwabo kunye bezdna uqhushululu ezachaphazela abafundi kunye nesakhiwo professorial.

Uhambo eYurophu

Alexander bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ye-Economic Society of isixeko Kazan, lapapasha amanqaku kulimo, Botany kunye floriculture. Biography Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich uye uhambo ezintathu amazwe, owokuqala lwenzeka ngo-1857-1858 gg. Isazinzulu Russian watyelela eYurophu, apho wayesele kwishishini kwemichiza waza wadibana kunye eziphambili iilabhoratri imichiza. Ngo omnye wabo, eParis, abewenzela phantse ezintandathu iinyanga. Ngelo xesha Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich waphulaphula iintetho ze iingqondo abadumileyo yaseYurophu njengoko Becquerel, E. Mitscherlich, J. von Liebig, Bunsen RV, waza wenza ukuba umhlobo ka Friedrich Agasti Kekule - yemichiza German.

Ekubuyeni kwakhe Kazan Butlerov AM, ogama biography umdla kuphela eRashiya kodwa phesheya, yena baguqula ilebhu imichiza, kunye nezifundo oluqhutywayo imethyl kuqalwe Wurtz. Ngowe-1858, Scientist wafumanisa indlela entsha synthesizing imethyl iodide, nako kuthwalelwa phandle umntu inani imisebenzi enxulumene nokufunyanwa avela kulo. Xa Yindibanisela methylene diacetate yaba formaldehyde Polymer - imveliso saponification ukwimo, iziphumo experimenti apho yaba hexamethylenetetramine kunye metileninat. Ngenxa yoko, Butlerov kuyondelelaniswe lokuqala iyonke eziveliswa nangoku.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: ngokufutshane malunga eziyimpumelelo sisazinzulu

Ngowe-1861 Butlerov wenza e yaseSpeyer, xa i-Congress of koogqirha baseJamani kunye izazinzulu, kunye intetho "Kwi isakhiwo eekhemikhali nto", nto leyo esekelwe nolwazi ngobume chemistry umdla aphesheya zahlula ngokuphathelelene nemiba engundoqo neyintsusa chemistry ukusuka kwindawo theoretical component imbono kunye amalinge akhe eziveliswa ngokuba yonke imisebenzi yezenzululwazi. imfundiso yakhe, kuquka ingcamango amandla ukuyilwa ngemixokelelwane-athom carbon of A. Cooper kunye Valence A. Kekule, beba izakhiwo chemical molekyuli, apho indlela sisazinzulu compound wayeyiqonda atom phakathi kwabo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani ethile amandla ekhemikhali (noFaro), ngamnye uphawu ingaphezulu.

imiba ebalulekileyo thiyori Butlerov

izazinzulu Russian wafumanisa nolwalamano olusondeleyo ngesakhiwo imichiza iimpawu iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo zomgquba kunokuba uyakwazi ukuchaza isomerism abaninzi babo, kubandakanywa pentanes abathathu, butanes ezimbini isomeric, alkoholi ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona theory Butlerov wenza kube lula ukuqikelela unyango yemichiza okunokubakho uzicacise.

Ngenxa yoko, xa imfundiso yakhe uAleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov:

• wabonisa ukungaphumeleli ezazikho ngcamango ngexesha Chemistry;
• Wagxininisa ukubaluleka oluphambili imfundiso atomic;
• kuchazwa isakhiwo chemical njengoko ukwabiwa imikhosi oludla obuphezu athom, apho athom eziphembelela (ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo) omnye komnye, uqhagamshele iintlobo kwemichiza;
• 8 imithetho isizukulwana defined iikhemikali;
• kuqala ingqalelo umahluko phakathi reactivities of iikhompawundi ezingafani, ngenxa amandla ngaphantsi okanye ngaphezulu awanyakazela ngayo athom oxhulumene, ngokunjalo neeyunithi inkcitho noFaro buso okanye iyonke yokutshata.

ntuthuko Scientific wemithi Russian

Biography Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha ngokufutshane ayichazwa kwiincwadi, kunye nemihla yobomi bakhe kunye nokuzuza kakhulu kwinzululwazi. Ngenxa Russian inzululwazi inani enkulu experimenti ezenzelwe ukuqinisekisa imfundiso yakhe. Scientist, pre-kuhlanganiswa, ezichongwe kwi 1864, ubume tertiary butyl utywala ngo-1866 - isobutane, ngo-1867 - isobutylene. Kwakhona safunda isakheko ethylene yeekharbon wavelisa polymerization zabo.

Ngowe-1867-1868 gg. Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane na umdla ngokwenene izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke, wathi wamiselwa unjingalwazi of chemistry e St. Petersburg University. Ukunikezela neqela lakhe eli ziko, Mendeleev wagxininisa nentsusa Butlerov zokufundisa, kungekhona ukwandiswa umsebenzi omnye umntu, kodwa kokwalowo ngokobuqu.

Ngowe-1869 Butlerov ekugqibeleni kuhlala eSt Petersburg, apho wonyulwa engaqhelekanga, yaye emva koko eziqhelekileyo academician ye-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Xesha ebomini eSt Petersburg ekhuthele; lo njingalwazi waqhubeka amalinge akhe, theory wasele omhle isakhiwo imichiza, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwizinto ezenzeka kubomi boluntu.

Umdla kubomi zezenzululwazi

Ngowe-1873, waqalisa ukufunda imbali chemistry , kwaye emandiyenze ngalo mbandela. Ndanibhalela laa okokuqala kwimbali ulawulo lwezenzululwazi, ngokusekelwe kwithiyori isakhiwo kwemichiza - ". Introduction to the uphononongo olupheleleyo organic chemistry" Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov ngumseki yesikolo ka ekhemisi Russian, ebizwa ngenye indlela "yesikolo Butlerov." Ngaxeshanye kunye isifundo zemichiza ngenkuthalo abanomdla kwezolimo. Ngokukodwa, waba nomdla kulinywe iti eCaucasus, igadi kunye ukufuywa. iphamflethi Yakhe "Indlela ukuqhuba iinyosi" kunye "Bee, ubomi bakhe kunye nemigaqo engundoqo bee onengqondo" ishicilelwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye phephancwadi "sheet ukufuywa Russian" njengoko yasekwa ngo-1886.

Ngowe-1880-1883 gg. Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane ligcwele eziye zafunyaniswa umdla yaye kubalulekile ukuba inzululwazi, yaba umongameli Physico-technical kuluntu Russian. Kweli xesha linye, i-nzulu kakhulu nomdla kakhulu xa nemimoya, lowo wadibana ngelifa Aksakov ngo-1854. Kamva, usomachiza Russian enxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomzala nomfazi wakhe Aksakovym A. N., epapashwe yi-Journal of nemimoya "Psychical Uphando" kwaye ngokushushu wayendikhusela phambi belahla abazana naye bemi kude nabahlobo uthando lwakhe.

Ixabiso imisebenzi Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha in chemistry

Yokurhoxa kwe Alexander kwafuneka ukuba bahambe ngo-1875, emva kweminyaka engama-25 yenkonzo. Council of St. Petersburg University wahamba kabini kule kota eliyiminyaka emi-5. Le ntetho lokugqibela Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Butlerova yaqhutywa ngoMatshi 14, 1885. impilo yakhe akuphumelelanga, engxakini kakhulu umsebenzi yenzululwazi kunye nemisebenzi zentlalo: zonke i Butlerof ngequbuliso wafa kwilifa Agasti 5, 1886. Isazi wangcwatyelwa kwilali emangcwabeni lweenkobe Butlerovki, ngoku nongasebenziyo, kwigumbi usapho.

Butlerova umsebenzi ngexesha lokudla amkelwa yakhe ehlabathini lonke, isikolo sakhe lwenzululwazi kugqalwa yinxalenye kuphuhliso chemistry eRashiya, kwaye ngobomi Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha yi umdla wokwenene zabaphengululi kunye nabafundi. Alexander ngokwakhe umtsalane kwaye umntu ubhetyebhetye kunye nesimo sengqondo kufike abantu ekhaya, ephangalele, elungileyo-natured kwaye uyazehlisa ukuze nabafundi.