DNA kokuhlaziya

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - uhlobo lobomi sokuzoba ikhowudi esimbaxa, apho idatha wangena ulwazi amafa. Le macromolecule imbaxa uyakwazi ukugcina udlulise ulwazi yemfuza ilifa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

DNA ichaza iimpawu ezinjalo nawuphi eziphilayo njengelifa, akukho lula. Ulwazi ikhowudi oko kubeka lonke inkqubo yophuhliso nawuphi esiphilayo. Zemfuza izinto semvelo ukugqiba yonke ikhosi ubomi babantu. Ungenelelo ngoncedo koogqirha okanye iziphumo endalo bume iqwalasela kuphela kuchaphazela ubuzaza iyonke iimpawu ezithile yemfuza okanye ibenefuthe kuphuhliso lweenkqubo pre-ihlelwa.

DNA ikhowudi kokuhlaziya eye kodwa ixabiso kuphela yenzululwazi esebenzayo, ivumela oogqirha ukuphumeza zokuthintela ezo zifo apho umntu athambekele ekuzalweni. Ukwazi malunga iimpawu lwesakhiwo genome yesigulane, ugqirha uyakwazi ukuqikelela impendulo umzimba ukuba ifuthe kokusingqongileyo, ukuqikelela isiphumo isifo kunye nokusebenza kwamachiza ezithile, njalo-njalo

Le molecule nucleic acid ezidityanisiweyo ngendlela ethile, ukulawula zonke iinkqubo Yindibanisela iiprothini kunye nee-enzayim nokulawula ukutshintshiselana lwamandla zingangeni emzimbeni womntu. Ubume bale iiprothini kunye nemisebenzi yabo emiselwe acid kuzo zenziwe. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngokomyalelo ezi acid kwi molecule protein.

Xa siqwalasela oomaleko iinzulu DNA, ukwakhiwa kwayo kumiselwa iintlobo ezine nucleotides: thymidylic (T), adenine (A), guanine (G) kunye cytidylic (C). Awuphathe macromolecule camera chromosome ayafika ubude kwimitha 1. ubukhulu kwawo kunyanzeliswa elingana nanometer enye kuphela (enye sewaka kwemitha).

DNA ifomyula njengoko ulandelelwano nucleotide yokungena umlinganiswa kwikhonkco. Umzekelo, kusenokuba le fom: AGTCATGCCAG.

DNA iye sasingumba izazinzulu zophando eminyaka. Isibakala sokuba gene iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo iimolekyuli acid ideoxyribonucleic ebekwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20. Kwangaxeshanye, izazinzulu babeqinisekile ukuba ezi izabelo molekyuli abanoxanduva isakhiwo iiprothini.

Kule yayichongwe ubudlelwane phakathi isakhiwo eekhemikhali izabelo molekyuli DNA kunye iimolekyuli iiproteins ngokwabo. Umongo oku kuxhomekeka kukuba umyalelo malunghiselelo ya iDNA kwiiproteni ekwafanekisa ngokomyalelo iiyunithi noshowo DNA (nucleotides) kwi sofuzo.

Ukufunyanwa waba olululo malunga ekuqondeni kakuhle eli DNA ngxabano. Ziqonde ikhowudi yezofuzo eye wavumela izazinzulu ukuba ukusondela iimfihlelo eziphambili iinkcukacha yemfuza yabantu.

Ikhowudi yezofuzo ye umntu makabhalwe ulandelelwano nucleotide oluthile engundoqo yenethiwekhi ulwazi - DNA. Ezama isakhiwo macromolecules ngo-1953 yaba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali eziphilayo. Ngegalelo lakhe kule Dzh.Uotson ukufunyanwa, F.Krik M.Uilkins kwaye zanikwa i-Nobel.

DNA kokuhlaziya kufuna ixesha elininzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwenye molecule deoxyribonucleic acid iqulethe isixa esikhulu lwe data, ikhowudi ezintsonkothileyo ngokufihlisa. Isiqalo iseli enye ukubamba na isixa lolwazi ukuba uyakuya iphepha izigidi encyclopedia zenzululwazi.

Okokuqala ukufunda zofuzo esingabantu ebizwa ngokuba yi-idrafti akuphumelelanga ngo-2001, nangona ngokupheleleyo ekugqityweni kweprojekthi wathabatha kwiminyaka emibini ezongezelelweyo. Ngokuba phulo wachitha kwizigidi ezingama-300 zeerandi, kwathiwa kuyo imibutho eliqela zenzululwazi.

Zofuzo epheleleyo ushicilelo lwenziwa ngo-2007. Le mali projekthi iye yaba $ 1 yezigidi.

Namhlanje, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba "DNA-zokucazulula ye zofuzo zabantu," lwenzeka kwi isityalo sibe sinye, kwaye indleko yalo liye kutsho ku irekhodi yazo zonke imbali yangaphambili. Kuyinto ilingana amawaka-50 eerandi.