Bhakti e India

Bhakti njengombutho yonqulo ezazikho ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa Ekuveleni XIV-XV eminyaka. uya kuqaphela ukunyuka elibukhali kwi kwayo, ukuvela kwabeMi abashumayeli abanetalente, ezinye iinkalo ezintsha zokufundisa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, Islam, Sufism ngokukodwa, unike abathile yokukhawulezisa ukuvuselelwa ingcamango lwentlalo, ingakumbi zonqulo. Kodwa wadlala indima kunye nophuhliso izixeko, ukwanda kwabantu ezidolophini, ngokuphawulekayo zafaka lokusekwa ithi Muslim, umaleko esisemantla izinduna lowo swi ubomi ezisezidolophini. Abantu City, amagcisa, abarhwebi, kunye ezazihlala, kuyabonakala ukuba kwakufuneka Buthi, singabi izithethe engqongqo kunye ubuHindu, kunye Islam, kwaye zithunyelwe kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu. Le imfuneko ibangela izixholoxholo abathile emizini, ukuvela inani Muslim, amahlelo Hindu, kunye amahlelo, simanyene sezulu koMthetho ubuHindu Islam, nto leyo ngokufuthi wakhokela imvukelo nxamnye nabanumzana mullahs. Le imfuneko kuboniswa kule imbonakalo kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo abashumayeli India of bhakti.

Ramananda (emva kwexesha XIV -. Ukuqaleka kwenkulungwane XV) wavakalisa imfuneko lula ukunqulwa kunye buthathaka imithetho nangokodidi ekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi wakhe wokushumayela, niqale emzantsi, uze emva koko niqhubeka Varanasi. Akazange adale isikolo elikhulu labalandeli, kodwa omnye wabafundi bakhe, Kabnr Muslim (XV c.), Ngophuhliso imfundiso kunye negalelo ukusasazeka kwayo. Ukuphindaphinda nendumiso igama likaThixo, onke amagama akhe, njengoko Kabir - yeyona ngqo yaye kuphela kwendlela eya kwingqiqo kaThixo nokuhlanganisa nabo. Ukuthobela imithetho nangokodidi amaHindu kunye namasiko Muslim akukho value. Continuer iimfundiso Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) wafundisa e Punjab. abalandeli bakhe namaSikh (abafundi) liye lazibandakanya uluntu, nto leyo ke intloko yazo (guru), kodwa izibhalo zabo ( "Adi Granth"), ebhaliweyo ngokukodwa yasungulwa hayi alfabhethi (gurmukhn), kunye nemali yayo (Amritsar).

Sikhism, wafundisa ukuba uThixo mnye, akukho igama ifomu. Ihlabathi mibi phakathi kokukhanya ekuqaleni mnyama. Le umzabalazo obukhoyo umphefumlo womntu. Sikhism waqonda ukuba ingcamango yamaHindu of karma (impindezelo ngenxa yezenzo ezidlulileyo) kunye Samsara (ngokutsha), bawucekisile inkqubo nangokodidi wamvakalisa nje yokulingana zonke phambi koThixo, kodwa ukulingana kwezentlalo phezu komhlaba. I yomSikh wayalelwa ukuba aqhube, ubomi ishishini, ukunyamekela amalungu entsapho kunye nentlalo-ntle lonke uluntu, ukuba ukumela lwabo ukholo lokuqala kumphakathi ezingalweni. Uhlobo lwentando yesininzi Sikhism nini, emva kokuba yeshumi Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) kubhangise senyathi Institute wasinika amandla eluntwini (Khalsa) ngokubanzi zabelwa onke namaSikh igama Singh ( "ngonyama") kunye baguqula lonke uluntu ua imfazwe exhasa.

Eminye imiyalelo bhakti abanalo ubukhulu efanayo. E Gujarat, kwinkulungwane XV. wawusaziwa umshumayeli Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. In Bengal, Orissa wafundisa Chaithanya (1486-1535). Wayethetha ngothando kunye nokuzinikela kuThixo, ukulingana zonke phambi kwakhe, wathabatha kuluntu lonke - amaHindu kunye amaSilamsi, Terms kunye abahluphekayo. E Maharashtra, isikolo yaphuhliswa bhakti Pandharpur. Ukuze ngeyabo Dzhianeshvara kunye Namdev (XIII-XIV iinkulungwane.), Screen eTahanati kunye Tukaram (XV-XVI iinkulungwane.), Ramdas (ngenkulungwane XVII.). Kummandla Mathura udumo babethanda yokuphumula (eMonastri) Valla- bhachari, ebeyinalo ngomnye wabaseki isihobe Hindi -Sur Das (XV-XVI iinkulungwane.). Umlandeli bhakti yaba imbongi enkulu Hindi Tulsi Das (1532-1624), ukuze badlulisele ulwimi lo mbongo "Ramayana" yamandulo. I mithila wenza enye imbongi ebalaseleyo Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), Yeyiphi ingqalelo eyodwa mithilskoy zakudala kunye neencwadi Bengali. E Rajasthan, kwaba umfundi odumileyo Kabir, Dadu umshumayeli (1544-1603). Owaseka izibongo radzhastha- kuqwalaselwa Krishna poetess Mirabai (ngenkulungwane XVI.). Kunye ne misinga olukhulu kakhulu bhakti wayekhona ngaphezulu endilisekileyo. Le yokugqibela limelwe ngokwasemisebenzini wembongi Tulsi Das, akazange amelane iqela ngokuphathelele ngoko ngokuqinisekileyo, njengamanye abashumayeli ezininzi bhakti.

Le Yindibanisela yamaHindu Muslim wabonakala nje kuphela umsebenzi neembongi bhakti. Kwakhona kubugcisa - izakhiwo, ukupeyinta (ukujikeleza), umculo, umdaniso. indima enkulu XIV-XVI eminyaka. kwinkqubo wadlala sultanates ezincinane kakhulu, lisunguliwe Delhi (chaza Benga- uLeya, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), apho indima element ababephambukele ezincinane ngakumbi elikomkhulu North India, yaye apho nabaphetheyo elibusayo kufutshane encotsheni amaHindu. Ngowe XVI- XVII iinkulungwane., Xa Mughals, kunye neenkundla kufuneka padishahs nenkcubeko Hindu iye eyendeleyo.