Bezakhiwo St. Petersburg - oobani noobani ke?

capital zenkcubeko World-adumileyo Russia - Saint Petersburg - captivates abahlali kuphela, kodwa kwakhona amawaka-waka eendwendwe abafuna ukutyelela isixeko iibhulorho, kunye White Nights. Yintoni na ngoko enomtsalane St. Petersburg owenza ngendlela siyazi ngoku?

Qala zolwakhiwo St. Petersburg

Umsunguli somzi a wenguquko enkulu Tsar uPetros I. yayithanda kunye izakhiwo kunye nophuhliso amazwe basentshona wayetyelele, uPetros ndagqiba ukwakha isixeko eRashiya, akukho nganto ubuhle nondiliseko kwamantloko yaseYurophu. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa ukwakhiwa St Petersburg.

Ukumkani wayengekho nomxhasi nenkani lonke basentshona, kodwa wakwazi ndikhuphe ibalulekileyo nto ke niyibonayo kwanokulutshintsha ukuze iimeko Russian. Bezakhiwo St. Petersburg, leyo waqesha kwamanye amazwe, kuye iinkosi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kulo msebenzi kumazwe aseYurophu.

Phakathi kwabo, uJean-Baptiste Leblond evela eFransi Domenico Trezzini evela eItali. umsebenzi wabo nje kuphela kuyilo izakhiwo ngokungqinelana ezithandwa kunye neemfuno abahlali baloo mzi, kodwa kuqeqesho labazobi Empire eli Ubuciko enzima. Ukukhuthaza basemzini uPetros I sabazisa umvuzo omkhulu kakhulu iinkosi Russian.

Bezakhiwo St. Petersburg

Njengelinye labazobi yokuqala eSt Petersburg kwixesha ukususela 1703 ukuya 1716 yaba Domenico Trezzini - ummeli ekuqaleni ezimbejembeje. Phakathi iiprojekthi zakhe - ukwakhiwa Kronshlot (zokudubula inqaba ukuze izikhusele balwa); isicwangciso ngokubanzi yokuqala komzi; isicwangciso sophuhliso Vasilyevsky Island; wezicwangciso kokwakhiwa Cathedral kukaPetros Paul Fortress, i Ihlobo Palace, kwakhiwe kwiiKholeji elinambini. Isimbo womzobi yatshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo leyinene ezingqongileyo. Iiprojekthi lokuqala (ngakumbi, nenqaba intsimbi le Cathedral ka SS uPetros noPawulos) Ziqulethe isimbo yaseScandinavia ngqwabalala xa bokwakha. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kwempembelelo yesithethe nesimbo iinkosi Russian ngeendlela zokwakha Trezzini wathabatha imilo othambileyo.

Phantsi nomphumela ofanayo kunye namanye bezakhiwo St. Petersburg: umoya ethile Russian kunye nendlela wobomi abantu yoBukhosi baseRashiya ukwenza uhlengahlengiso ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoyilo kunye neembono ubuhle nabayili.

Akukho negalelo kangako uphuhliso lwedolophu ezenziwe uJohann Georg Mattarnovi, ngokomakhi waseJamani, safika eSt Petersburg ngowe-1714. Wabakhokela ukwakhiwa izakhiwo ezininzi - lo wesibini Winter Palace, kwakhiwe Kunstkamera, Cathedral St. kaIsake. Kodwa emva kokufa kwakhe ngesiquphe 1719 yayiqale ukugqibezela wezakhiwo uNikolaus Gerbel.

Enye wezakhiwo obalaseleyo, owayesebenza kwikomkhulu emantla - engumFrentshi Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Yena waba yimbangi kwisicwangciso lokuqala jikelele esixekweni. Ukongeza, i-lokwakha uye wadala uyilo lwe le Summer Garden, kwakunye iipaki kunye neegadi e Strelna kunye Peterhof (ngakumbi, wakha Hermitage, Monplaisir, amagumbi zasebukhosini kunye bayiminquba Marley).

Omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala yaba Menshikov Ibhotwe omkhulu, ukwakhiwa ogama kwaqala ngo-1710 kuphuhliso Giovanni Maria Fontana, kwaye kwagqitywa ngo-1720 sele uJohann Schedel. Isakhiwo sakhiwa ngokukodwa isilwanyana wokumkani - Prince Alexander Menshikov.

Abakhi owakha St. Petersburg, wasebenza ngezizukulwana. Ngoko ke, ngo-1716 phakathi komzi kunye nosapho lwakhe, kunye bafika Bartolomeo Karlo Rastrelli, wenza isivumelwano seminyaka emithathu-nokumkani. Umakhi wayenza nokudalwa iqela iphela imikrolo kuba Grand Cascade e Peterhof; I wadala i lesikhumbuzo samahashe kuPetros I (zibekwe phambi Mikhailovsky Ibhotwe), kwakunye eni ezininzi ukumkani "figure wax 'yakhe.

Umakhi oyintloko of St. Petersburg

Unyana Bartholomew uSister - Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli - weza edolophini noyise eneminyaka engama-15. Education, elaliliphethe nabayili obalaseleyo Domenico Trezzini, N. Michetti, M. Zemtsov kunye A. Shlyutter. Rastrelli Jr wasebenza eSt Petersburg, kwiminyaka emalunga mahlanu, ukudala phezu kweli xesha izakhiwo edumileyo: I-Catherine Ibhotwe e Tsarskoye Selo, Bala indlu Stroganov kunye Vorontsov, Grand Peterhof Palace. Umakhi lakwaWinter Palace eSt Petersburg - benjenjalo ukumemeza Bartolomeo Rastrelli, eziqulathwe kule entsonkothileyo zonke izakhono zakhe. Ukwakhiwa ngangosuku 1754 ukuya 1762. Lwakugqitywa wayo, ibhotwe yaba yokuhlala engundoqo ubusika zabalawuli. Masakhane kwi yobuciko. Yeyona isakhiwo lokugqibela omkhulu, Liquka isimbo Amagcisa asebenza kweli cala.

Kwathi ke ngenxa yokuba kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII uphawuleka utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwiintlobano ezoqoqosho kwakunye neencasa yoluntu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekutshabalaleni ngokukhawuleza pop yobuciko.

Umakhi lakwaWinter Palace eSt Petersburg lifumanise yintlekele yokwenene ngenxa yokulahlekelwa elibukhali nomdla ngakumbi indlela bokwakha yobomi bakhe waxa classicism. Kunqabile ukuba inkosi wasinda ixesha yokumpompoza, apho wasebenza. Rastrelli ngokuba kwaba yintlungu ngokwenene.

Isiphumo kwesakhiwo angaphandle Russian

Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XVIII waba kwimbali izakhiwo Russian. Nangona labazobi edume St. Petersburg ningabasemzini, abathi wagqiba uphuhliso lwezakhiwo kuBukhosi Russian, imnike ezinye izinto Western. Ngelo iinkosi xesha ngokwabo phantsi kwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo, amasiko nezithethe zakowabo Russian nehlabathi lakhe ziye zatshintsha indlela yomsebenzi wabo, sivumelane ezithandwa kunye neminqweno abathengi.