Ifilosofi kwenkcubeko kwi "Nqaba ye-West" Spengler

Kulturfilosofiya okanye inkcubeko kaBiko - na isebe-bulumko eliphanda ubume, uphuhliso kunye ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko. Imizamo yokuqala ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko Usuku kuluntu emva kumaxesha amandulo. Umzekelo, i-Sophists wothulelw kokuchaza antinomy phakathi zendalo kunye kwizizathu yenkcubeko yokuziphatha womntu. AbaGxeki namaStoyike ngokufezekisa oku mbono yaye liphuhlise ithiyori malunga urhwaphilizo kunye artificiality "nenkcubeko yoluntu". KumaXesha Aphakathi iingqondo abaninzi abalaseleyo babecinga yintoni inkcubeko kunye nendawo yayo indalo kaThixo. Kamva, kule mihla, kwaye ingakumbi ngexesha yiEnlightenment, inkcubeko yasekuhlaleni sele inikwe ingqalelo kakhulu. F Rousseau, J .. há, Schiller nabanye yaqulunqa ingcamango yokukhetheka ngamnye iinkcubeko kazwelonke kunye namanqanaba nophuhliso.

Kodwa elithi 'intanda kwenkcubeko "ngokwalo yaqaliswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. German romantic A. Müller. Ukususela ngoko, iye yaba isebe ekhethekileyo-bulumko. Kufuneka lwahlulwe bulumko yembali, njengoko inkqubo yophuhliso nenkcubeko yoluntu ngokubanzi, kunye neentlanga nabantu ngakumbi, oko ungqamane izingqisho kophuhliso yembali kwemiphakathi. Kwakhona iyahluka kwenye inzululwazi ezifana yokuhlalisana inkcubeko, ekubeni yokugqibela igxininisa inkcubeko necacileyo, ulawula indlela yonxulumano loluntu kunye noluntu.

echumayo Ingakumbi ngokwemigaqo-bulumko kwenkcubeko uye ekupheleni XIX - kwiinkulungwane okuqala XX. Kwakukho Galaxy lonke zobulumko (Nietzsche, Spengler, G. Simmel, H. Ortega y Gasset, in Russian N. A. Berdyaev, N. Ya. Danilevsky kunye nabanye) abaye bazinikela nina ekubulalekeni kwabo ukuqonda manqanaba ngamnye chavelela kwenkcubeko uluntu. Ngale ndlela, igalelo elikhulu wenza intanda Spengler ngayo inkcubeko, sobulumko waseJamani, umbhali-mbali kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko (1880-1936).

Spengler ecetywayo ingqiqo yokuqala kakhulu kuphuhliso wovandlakanyo kwenkcubeko njenge uhlobo eziphilayo. Ukusebenzisa ixesha ukusebenza ngaphambili zabo, sobulumko, kakhulu, uyabachasa "nenkcubeko" yaye "impucuko." Ngokutsho Spengler, inkcubeko nganye ozelwe kwaye kuphuhlisa, kuzo zonke izigaba - nokuba uzaze kwasebuntwaneni, lokufikisa, ebudaleni (apho inkcubeko ifikelele incopho yayo yophuhliso), kwaye ke enfeeblement yokwaluphala nokufa ekugcineni. Xa isiko ofayo okanye bawohloka nokuba litshatshazi, laba impucuko. Umjikelo wobomi isityalo ithatha iminyaka eliwaka ukuya elinesihlanu lamakhulu. Ifilosofi lwempucuko Spengler kutyhilwa kakhulu ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi wakhe kwesihloko liciko "Le Nqaba yaseYurophu", apho sobulumko kwangaphambili ukufa kwimpucuko yaseYurophu kunye yamehlo ayo ngobuhlanga soulless lwefashoni, iziyolo, kwoqwebo, nenkanuko igunya nobutyebi.

ngefilosofi inkcubeko ekufundiseni Spengler isekelwe phezu iikhonsepthi ezimbini ezisisiseko - ". nempucuko" "nenkcubeko" yaye Noko ke, nangona sobulumko anike impucuko epithets elimsulwa ezifana 'uluntu abaninzi "yaye" yobukrelekrele soulless "akumele simplistically ucinga ukuba wakhanyela ngokupheleleyo iinzuzo inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Yinto nje ukuba inkcubeko umphefumlo, kunye nempucuko inikeze ndiyinyama negazi, ngenxa yokuba inkcubeko bayakufuna unxibelelwano kunye namanye ihlabathi, loo nto kulala moya yezinto, kodwa impucuko swi ukuhlola kunye nophuhliso yehlabathi, ulawulo izinto. Culture, ngokutsho Spengler, idityanisiwe ngokusondeleyo yokuzinikela, yena zonqulo ngokwenkcazelo. Impucuko kuphuhlisa phezu kwehlabathi, oko soulless. Impucuko ungxamele amandla, kusilawula ngemvelo, inkcubeko ubona kwindalo, injongo kunye nolwimi. Inkcubeko - kazwelonke, kunye nempucuko jikelele. Inkcubeko - le yeengcungcu, kunye nempucuko ingabizwa lwentando yesininzi.

Philosophy kwenkcubeko, kuba ixesha lokudla Spengler, kwafuneka lijongane-8 neenkcubeko luluqilima, sele efile, umYiputa, eBhabhiloni, Maya inkcubeko, lwamaGrike-Roman (Apollo) kunye obunayo - Indian, Chinese, aseByzantium-Arabhu (ubugqi) naseNtshona (Faustian). Ngokwendalo, nokuphela kwelanga kwehlabathi iYurophu abaqinisekanga Spengler: thuba iza soulless era yokusebenzisa abaninzi, ngoxa kwindawo ethile, kwezinye kwikona zehlabathi akayi zivuthwe kwaye okwentyatyambo inkcubeko eyahlukileyo, "ezifana neentyatyambo emasimini."