AG Spirkin, "Philosophy": incwadi yezikolo eziphakamileyo

Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin - na eSoviet, sobulumko kamva Russian zabo iincwadi zithandwa kunye nabafundi baseyunivesithi kunye abafundi abafuna ukwandisa lawo zabo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umbhali wabhala iingenelo zakhe ezaziwayo-kakuhle gqira zenkulungwane lokugqibela, solo andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka kwabo. Ukuziphatha, yena wanikela ngobomi bakhe Alexander Spirkin - ifilosofi. Kodwa sobulumko akwaziwa ukuba uphando lwakhe kwindawo ethile. Wazama ngokufutshane, ngokufutshane ngokuchanileyo ucacise nezimaphambili ezingundoqo wefilosofi milestones imbali yayo abo banqwenela ukuba ukufunda ngalo mbandela kwaye bakuqonde oko. Makhe kwesi sifundo ukuba ukuvavanya umthelela imfundo yethu kunye nophuhliso ngokomoya.

biography

Spirkin AG, "Philosophy" eyaba incwadi yesalathiso icwangcisa ekuqaleni abafundi Soviet nabaphengululi, kwaye ngoko ke abantu abatsha lwamazwe ico, uye waphila ubomi nzima kodwa umdla. Wazalwa ngo-1918 kummandla Saratov, kodwa kuqala wayefuna ukunikela ubomi bakhe ogqirha. Waphumelela Moscow Institute of the defectology elizayo sobulumko phambi kokuba imfazwe, kodwa ke, abantu abaninzi abakrelekrele esizukulwaneni sakhe, wabanjwa ngezityholo zobuxoki, yaye de 1945 kule nkampu. Apho waba nomdla 'uthando ubulumko. "

Emva kokukhululwa kwakhe, Alexander Spirkin ekuqaleni bazama ukusebenza kwi ezobuchwepheshe, kodwa emva koko waba nathi Institute of Philosophy Academy of Sciences USSR. PhD thesis yena iyazikhusela kwi kwingcingane lentlalo Plekhanov, kunye ubugqirha - phezu iingxaki ngemvelaphi sezingqondweni. Ngowe-1970, kuba negalelo elikhulu waba uprofesa ngo-1974 - ezihambelana ilungu le-USSR Academy of Sciences. Ukuba sobulumko usemncinane waba nomdla kakhulu iingxaki eziphathekayo dialectical, ukususela gqira, okona akuthandayo ziyabethabethana basemoyeni kunye neengcinga ze cybernetics.

History of the incwadi

Alexander Spirkin waqala ukufundisa intanda kumaziko ahlukeneyo emfundo eMoscow. Kwafuneka ingcamango yakhe yemfundo abafundi kunye nezishwankathelo zabo ekupheleni baloo mashumi angamahlanu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaba ngqangi. Uye kudala wafuna ukuba naye ngokusekelwe iincwadi zokubhala. sazi yakhe ngqangi ogama "Iziseko Philosophy". Spirkin Wayinika ukhuphiswano Zonke-Union of textbooks kubafundi baseyunivesithi, waza waphumelela. Ngenxa yale bulumko ngqangi wapapasha iincwadi eziliqela, ngoko nangoko kwaduma kakhulu. Kwalapho kwelo xesha perestroika kwaye emva ukuwa yeencwadi USSR Spirkina baba ethandwa kakhulu. Ngowe-1990, "Iziseko Philosophy 'yakhe aye apapashwa yi yokushicilela indlu" Inkqubela "ku IsiNgesi. Uhlelo entsha kwincwadi yapapashwa ngo-2002 yaye ke ngoko ngo-2005. Likwimo ehlaziyiweyo epapashwe yi "Gardariki". "Ifilosofi" Spirkina akwazi ukuphelisa ideology lixesha ilula, kwi izinto isiseko kwaye kulula ukufunda ngomdla.

Iimpawu le ncwadi yonke

incwadi kwakhe bulumko Spirkin wamitha njenge uhlobo evelele lolwazi bahlanganisana eyiyeyabantu kule ndawo. Kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngolwimi oqhelekileyo, ngisho elithile ngendlela ubuciko bokubeka, abaninzi ngongoma zichazwe ekhoyo. Lowo udla ngokubizwa ngokuba isikhokelo elwandle twisiseka-bulumko. Le ncwadi iqulathe iinxalenye ezine. Lo gama ezitshayelelayo, apho sobulumko inika inkcazo eli candelo lolwazi, ngokunjalo cinga umahluko yayo ehlabathini. Oku kulandelwa icandelo kwi kwimbali bulumko.

Inxalenye elandelayo ulinganisa imiba jikelele bulumko ezifana ubukho, ulwazi kunye zobuntlola. Icandelo lesithathu ulinganisa bulumko lwentlalo. Umbhali ngokufutshane kodwa ngamafuphi kunika uluvo malunga inkampani, uphuhliso kunye neentsingiselo, kwakunye iinkalo ezithile zobomi bakhe bokomoya. Le tutorial lithandwa, ngakumbi kule minyaka 60-80 kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, kungekuphela phakathi kwabafundi, kodwa oonjingalwazi. Indlu lishicilela "Gardariki" Weza fomu emfutshane kakhulu. Kodwa Ministry of Education lithethelela njengesixhobo kwabafundi.

parenthesis

Ifilosofi Alexander Spirkina unomdla kuqala nje uhlobo Yindibanisela ulwazi evumela ukuqhagamshelana ukufumana into eqhelekileyo phakathi iindidi ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko. Xa Kwintshayelelo textbook sakhe, embiza ngokuba quintessence ubomi yokomoya uluntu. Ukholelwa ukuba loo ndlela yokucinga kwafika kukunqwenela ukuqonda undoqo imfihlelo. Umntu enganeliswa ngombono kwenxenye zehlabathi, ukuba kukho imfuneko bezibona ngokupheleleyo. Imibuzo intsingiselo yobomi kunye nobukho khona kwethu usukelo elifanelekileyo Wayesoloko unomdla ebantwini. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye Sciences, angasinika, iinkcukacha zale ngokwahlukeneyo, intanda yenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwethu wazifaka izibonda ezo nkqubo. Inika kananjalo kunxibelelwano lwangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo ingcamango yethu ehlabathini. Umbhali ichaza ngokufutshane ulwakhiwo lolwazi bulumko, sikwayyigxininisa kakhulu into yokuba ifumaneka kuphela ukuya izazinzulu, kodwa naziphi abantu nezakhono.

History of ifilosofi

Icandelo lokuqala lale ncwadi yeyona voluminous. It iqulethe izahluko ezisibhozo. "Ifilosofi" Spirkina kwi inxalenye lembali unika umfundi a ingcamango zonke nokuqhama ilifa iinkcuba elidlulileyo. Icandelo luqala ababhali bamandulo, ukujongana amazwi Pythagoras, inabe, Heraclitus, Democritus, kunye Plato kunye nenkqubo Aristotle kaThixo. inokufunyanwa kule nxalenye ukuba ingcamango ukuvisisana iphela, yokungafi komphefumlo, yaye kwenye indawo emzimbeni omnye komnye, yaye kwakukho amaGrike amandulo.

ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwa bulumko lamaGrike yokuqala - ababengakholwa, AmaEpikure, amaStoyike Neoplatonists. isahluko unikezelwa kwimbali iminyaka eliwaka kwindlela yokucinga ephakathi. It eyenzeka ngexesha bulumko yaseYurophu ukususela ekupheleni waseRoma le Renaissance. Umfundi uya kufunda malunga neemfundiso Augustine, Fomy Akvinskogo, Roger Bacon. Zimbalwa amaphepha anikwe kunye nenkolo le Renaissance.

Imvelaphi ezakudala

Kakhulu umbhali olunovelwano Alexander Spirkin. "Philosophy", yaye ngokukodwa icandelo zembali, oku ubungqina. Unikela ingqalelo eyodwa kuphuhliso ingcamango yaseYurophu kwi XVII- XVIII iinkulungwane. Oku kweli xesha, kwazalwa inani enkulu buchopho abo nje gu ingcamango yokuba abantu uxolo, kodwa batshintsha ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo. Qala yabeka ezifana iinkcuba abadumileyo njengoko Descartes kunye Hume, ngoko kakhulu igalelo elibi elenziwa iinkokheli French yiEnlightenment - uVoltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, ukudala umoya uthando inkqubela. Ugxininiso kulo candelo swi nelamaRafa-bulumko German yamandulo - Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Feuerbach. ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwa ngabantu abacinga ezinjalo Western yaseYurophu ezifana Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, kunye nabanye. Kukho kwakhona isahluko enikelwe bulumko Russian - evela Lomonosov kunye Radishcheva ukuya Dostoevsky kunye Soloviev.

Ubulumko, ukuba, ulwazi, kwaye umphefumlo

Ukususela yethoba ukuya kwisahluko elinesibini Spirkin AG ( "Philosophy", incwadi) isixelela malunga nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye ngokoMthetho. Siyazi ukuba ngumntu onjalo (apho nzulu ngezinto ichonga nenyani), ubudlelwane phakathi mba, intshukumo, isithuba kunye nexesha. Kuye kwathethwa ngayo ulwazi, iindlela kunye nemigaqo yayo, kwakunye nokuba umntu siqonde ihlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye okanye umiselwe kusoloko ukuhlala emva umkhusane kuyimfihlo. Rise njengoko imibuzo engunaphakade malunga igunya kunye nobudlelwane sezingqondweni yokuba. Emva konke oku mpikiswano bulumko, kunye nokuphikisa waqhekeza nemikhonto. Ukususela impendulo kule mibuzo kufuneka sibe nesimo sengqondo kwindawo yabantu ehlabathini. Umbhali zezifundo lixhomekeke umahluko phakathi kokuba njengenjongo ngamnye (imbono ye "Mna"). imibuzo engalindelekanga umdla abaninzi zokuswela umntu mihla, umzekelo, ubuhlobo ulwazi nokholo, ubukho kunokwenzeka engqiqo kwizilwanyana, ingxaki wenyaniso, ngendima intuition kulwazi wit, kakhulu, kuboniswe kule ncwadi.

Icandelo lesithathu

Njengoko umphengululi ukuqaqadeka abangabaxhasi bakaMarx dialectical, xa incwadi yakhe "Philosophy" kwiiyunivesithi Spirkin sokunikela icandelo eyodwa elungiselelwe ubomi yoluntu. Yena ishwankathela ingcamango esisiseko kubafundi ndicinga imbali kunye nophuhliso yoluntu. Umbhali uthi libutho wohlanga loluntu, yintoni na olwalo uhlalutyo, lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, yaye ziziphi amaqela ezahluke - iiklasi, iyaxela, iintlanga, izizwe, iintsapho. Eli candelo Spirkin emva kwimbali-bulumko, ebonisa ezingqondweni kwaqala njani ixesha kwezentlalo kunye nentsingiselo phakathi kwabantu, xa kwaqalisa khangela abathandwayo yaye umba inkqubela. Uhlola ingxaki iingozi kwimbali, indima iintshukumo ubunzima kunye nabantu ngabanye, kwaye ikwanika izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga iipateni neentsingiselo zophuhliso loluntu. Umbhali ubuye axoxe imiba yokuziphatha, ubuntu, inkcubeko, kwaye byi amagunya karhulumente ngokunxulumene ngamnye namalungelo akhe.

tutorial intsingiselo

izizukulwana ezininzi Abafundi bafunda iincwadi ezibhalwe ngokusekelwe imisebenzi ka-Alexander Spirkina. Yafunda kuphela yintoni na bulumko, imbali yayo kunye neendidi ezinkulu, kodwa ukubona logic, ezikhona, bayo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ngqangi inxalenye yayo engundoqo yadalwa ngamaxesha yiSoviet, nkqu izintlelo ezindala umbhali uhlawula ingqalelo engakumbi izibakala ngaphezu ideology, yaye ngaloo ndlela limisela ngokwayo ngaphandle koko oogxa babo. Echaza lo mxholo enye, njengoko kwezinye iincwadi, kodwa usoloko sithabathela ingqalelo izinto ezintsha kunye nentsingiselo, kwaye nkqu ngendlela elula kakhulu.

Spirkin, "Philosophy", incwadi kwizikolo eziphakamileyo: Reviews Reader

Abafundi wafunda intanda kule ncwadi kunye nokulungiselela ukwenziwa iimvavanyo neemviwo, oko indumiso kakhulu. Babhala ukuba onke amagama, amagama, kunye nemiba kunye neengxaki kuchaziwe kakhulu ezinzima ke incwadi hayi ulwimi lwabantu zesiqhelo nje, kodwa indlela elungileyo zoncwadi, imnandi yaye inika umdla. Le ncwadana ufundwa mnye umoya, yaye ukongezelela, kuyanceda nokumisa ulwazi wazibeka phezu ezishelifini. Izinto ntetho eboniswa amabali ezahlukeneyo kunye nemizekelo nobomi kunceda kuphela budibane ulwazi. Kwaye abantu babekuthanda noncwadi yenzululwazi kunye ezithandwayo, bathi le ncwadi ukuba ukungena, ukutshintsha iliso umfundi ukuba izinto ezininzi, yenza ucinga ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukujonga umbuzo wokuba intanda ebomini efunekayo.