Action ngaphandle Igunya umdla somnye (Civil Code): ingqiqo, iimpawu, iimeko kunye neziphumo ze nenzululwazi

Izenzo ngaphandle kwemigaqo yomdla womnye umntu - yintoni na? Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa yi-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation, kwaye uchaneke ngakumbi, iSahluko 50. Kwinqaku elingezantsi, unokufumana ezinye zeempawu zale nkundla yomthetho.

Izimo zomthetho

Izenzo ngaphandle kwemigaqo yomdla komnye umntu zilawulwa ngokomthetho kuphela kumthetho omtsha womthetho. Ngaphambili, loo migaqo ayizange inikezwe. Olu lwasemthethweni lwezobudlelwane zomthetho luhlobo lweembopheleleko ezingaphezulu kwekhontrakthi, oko ke, okubandakanya ukuvela kwamalungelo kuphela, kodwa kunye nemisebenzi. Ziziphi iindwendwe eziphambili zalo mqondo?

• Izenzo ngaphandle kwemigaqo yomdla komnye umntu uya kuba njalo ukuba umntu ovelisayo akanalo imiyalelo evela kumntu ochaphazelekayo. Umntu ovelisa izenzo ezinjalo akufanele abe negunya lokwenza njalo, kungekhona kuphela ngesiseko sommeli okanye isivumelwano somthetho, kodwa nangenxa yeminye imiyalelo. Ezinye izibonakaliso ziquka, umzekelo, imvume eyaphenjisiwe ngaphambili eyenziwa ngumntu ochaphazelekayo. Ngamanye amagama, umntu osebenza kumdla wolunye umntu kufuneka enze loo migaqo ngaphandle kwemvume (nangaphandle kokungabikho) yomntu owenzelwa ezi zinto. Ngaphezu koko, oku kulandelayo akufanele ukuba bazi malunga nale ndlela. Ukuba oku akunjalo, kwaye ummeli ufumene umyalelo okanye uvumelekile, ngoko ke izenzo zakhe azikwazi ukufaneleka kwiSahluko soLuntu seRashiya.
• Ubudlelwane obuphantsi kokuqwalaselwa kufuneka bujoliswe ekufumaneni injongo ethile kwaye kufuneka kulungelelaniswe nencwadi yomthetho. Ngeenjongo ezinjalo, umzekelo, sinokuthi imeko apho umntu egcina abantwana okanye impahla kwi-apartment burning. Oko kukuthi, lisebenza ngokwalo, ngaphandle kokubonisa okufanelekileyo umnikazi wezinto okanye abazali bezingane, kodwa isiphumo sesenzo sakhe sinemiphumo emihle kulo mva.
• Ngokusekelwe kumhlathi ongentla, kunokugqitywa ukuba enye yeempawu ezizodwa zesenzo ngaphandle kwesabelo kumntu womnye kukuba akufanele kwenziwe ngokwabo, kodwa ngenzuzo yomntu wesithathu. Umdlali we-actor akafunanga ukuba ngubani oza kuba ngumzuzi, kwaye ukuba uphosakele ngendleko yomntu onomdla, oku akunako isizathu sokungaqiniseki ngezenzo kumdla womntu. Ngokomzekelo, ukugcina impahla kwisakhiwo esivuthayo, esicinga ukuba umlilo uvele kwindlu yomhlobo wakhe, ukuba uphosakele (umzekelo, indlu leyo ingowomntu ohluke ngokupheleleyo), usenza into yomntu omnye.
• Iziganeko ekuthethwa ngazo mazihambelane neenjongo zomntu ochaphazelekayo. Ukuba isenzo sichasene neenjongo, ngoko asikwazi ukubonakaliswa sigqibelele kwisakhelo sesahluko seNkqubo yoLuntu yaseRussian Federation.
• Xa wenza izinto, ukunakekelwa kunye nokujikeleza kufuneka kuboniswe. Oko kukuthi, umntu ongenamalungelo kufuneka akhathalele ngokwenene umntu onesithathu kwaye akayi kutyala imali kangangokuba umphumo uya kuba yinzuzo kuye. Umdlali wecala kufuneka acinge ukuba yiyiphi into eyenziwa ngumzuzi kwindawo yakhe kwaye enze ngokufanelekileyo.

• Kuphela ukuba zonke iimeko ezi ngasentla zidibeneyo, izenzo zezenzo zingabonwa njengezenzo ngaphandle kokuthunyelwa komdla komnye umntu, kwaye unokufumana umvuzo.

Umyalezo kumxhamli

Xa isenzo senziwa kwintlalo yomntu ngaphandle kwekhomishina, iNdiqo yoMgaqo-nkqubo yaseRashiya ibeka iimbopheleleko ezithile kumntu owenza isenzo esinjalo. Enye inembopheleleko enjalo yesaziso esifanelekileyo somxhamli wezinto ezenziwa.

Ngokusemthethweni akusekwa, ngethuba luni lomntu osebenzayo kufuneka axelele umntu onomdla, nangona kukho ukugcinwa ukuba umyalezo onjalo makwenziwe kwithuba lokuqala. Isaziso esinjalo siphumelelwe kukuba ukuba ngenxa yesenzo esicatshungulwayo, ukungena kwisithuba somntu kunye nendawo yomsebenzi wommi othile uzinikezele. Ngexesha elifanayo, akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela ngokuqinisekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba zithini iimpendulo ezinjalo.

Ngaphezu koko, ngokwemvo yecandelo elingaphantsi kokuhlalutya kubonakala ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba komntu womnye kunyanzelekile ukuba ulinde isigqibo sokwenziwa emva kokumxelela umxhamli. Esi sigqibo kufuneka sibonakaliswe ngoluhlobo lokungavumi, okanye imvume yokuzinikela. Kodwa nakweyiphi na imeko, ixesha lokulindela akufanele libe likhulu kakhulu ukukhokelela ekulahlekelweni komntu ochaphazelekayo.

Umthetho-mthetho akasichazi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukumisa izenzo emva kokuxelela umxhamli wamanyathelo athathwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusekelwe kumqondo oqhelekileyo, kulandelelana ukuba ukuba imfuneko esiphuthumayo iye yaphela, kwaye izenzo zinokumiselwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba imfuneko enjalo iqhubeka, kwaye iinzuzo zomntu onomdla zisengozini ngokulahleka kunye nokulimala, ngoko imilinganiselo kufuneka iqhubeke.

Kwezinye iimeko, akufuneki ukuba umxelele umntu onomdla ukuba izenzo zenzeka kwinzala yomntu ngaphandle kwekhomishini. I-Code Civil yabasebenzi baseRashiya ibiza iiimeko ezinjalo apho ezi meko zibonakala. Umzekelo, uzibophezele phambi koxhamli.

Ukuvunyelwa kwezenzo ngumzuzi

Kuthetha ukuthini ukwamkela isenzo kumdla womnye ngaphandle kwekhomishini? Ukusetyenziswa kwezobugwebi kulo mzekelo kuguqulwa kule ilandelayo. Ukuvunyelwa ngumzuzi wezenzo ezithathwe ngaphandle kokuba ulwazi lwakhe malunga nepropati yakhe kufuneka kuthathwa njengento yokuthanda. Ukuvunyelwa kwezenzo kuthetha ukuba umntu ochaphazelekayo ukhuthaza kwaye ubone isenzo esifanelekileyo ukuba sisebenze ngenjongo yakhe.

Ukuqhubela phambili, ngokuvunyelwa kwezenzo ezenzekileyo okanye ezenzekileyo phakathi kwaba bantu ababini, ubudlelwane bomthetho baseburhulumenteni bavela, amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi ibonakala. Ngamanye amagama, umntu osebenzayo kwiminqweno yabanye nomntu onomdla angena kwisivumelwano kunye nomnye.

Luhlobo luni lomvumelwano olugqityiweyo xa wenza isenzo kumdla womnye ngaphandle kwekhomishini? Inkqubo yobugqwetha kule meko ayinakulinganisa - kuxhomekeka kwiziphi izenzo ozuze ngayo umzuli, yintoni imigaqo yomthetho wolu ludlelwane olulawulwayo, loo nto iya kugqitywa. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu ofumene ipropati elahlekileyo yomntu wesithathu, uyigcine kwaye emva koko uyithumele kumnini, ngoko ulwalamano olunjalo lomthetho lulawulwa yimithetho elawula isivumelwano sokugcina.

Kubaluleke kakhulu! Imvume ayifuni ukuba ibhalwe ngokubhaliweyo, iya kuba ngokuhambelana nomthetho kunye nefom yomlomo.

Ukungavumelekanga kwezenzo ngumzuzi

Xa ugqiba isenzo kumdla womnye ngaphandle komyalelo, uphawu oluboniswe ngasentla, isikhundla somzuzi, imbono yakhe yezenzo ezenzileyo okanye ezenzileyo, akubalulekanga. Imimiselo yomthetho wabantu, ekhoyo kwiSahluko 50 seNkcukacha zoLuntu, ichaza ukuba ukuba umzuzi akakwamukeli imisebenzi eyenziwa kwiminqweno yakhe, kufuneka ipheliswe. Ukuba bayaqhubeka bezinikezele, ke lowo ophethe isigxina unomngcipheko omkhulu wokulahleka okungenzeka, kunye nokuba uxanduva lweembopheleleko, ukuba kukho na, ngenxa yokuthengiswa komthetho.

Ngokwenza njalo, kuyimfuneko ukugqiba ixesha apho isenzo senzeke kumdla womnye ngaphandle kwekhomishini. Umzekelo ungaba ngale ndlela ilandelayo: umntu osebenzayo uvelisa imisebenzi ngaphambi kokufumana ukungathobeli komzuzi, kwaye wenza izenzo ezithile kwiminqweno yabanye, emva kokuba efundile ngale nto engavumelekanga. Kwimeko yesibini, iziphumo zezenzo ezinjalo zenziwa kwi-action. Ukuba kuvele imeko yokuqala, ngoko ngokwemiqathango ye-Code Code, loo mntu unokufuna iimbuyekezo zokulahlekelwa, ngokufaka ibango elifanayo kumntu ochaphazelekayo.

Kodwa umthetho wembambano ubeka ezimbini ngaphandle kwemithetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuvunyelwa okanye ukungavunyelwa kwezenzo, umlingisi unokuqhubeka nokuthatha isenzo sakhe kwaye emva koko uyafumana umvuzo ukuba:

1. Iinjongo ezijoliswe ekusindiseni ubomi okanye impilo.
2. Izenzo zenzelwe ukugcinwa kwabantu abafunekayo ukugcina umntu onomdla.

Ukulahleka kunye nokubuyiselwa kwabo

Ukuba umntu uzalisekise yonke imimiselo yezenzo kumdla womnye ngaphandle kwemigaqo, echazwe ngumthetho kwiinkalo zomthetho ezicatshangelwayo (ezinhlanu kwezi migaqo zidweliswe ekuqaleni kwalesi nqaku), ukuba zikwaziswa ngokufanelekileyo umzuzi kwaye zilinde ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana imvume okanye ukungavunyelwa, ngoko unokufaka ibango Ukuhlawulelwa kwelahleko kunye nezinye iindleko. Ezi zilandelayo zingabandakanya nayiphi na inkcitho eyenziwe ngumntu onoxanduva lokunyamekela inzuzo kunye nepropati yomzuzi.

Ngokwemvelo, ukubuyiswa kweelahleko kufuneka kwenziwe kumntu onomdla oya kuba unyanzelekile ukuba azalise. Umxhamli kuphela oxolelwe kulo msebenzi xa isenzo senziwa emva kokuba echaswe. Kule meko, umonakalo awuhlawulwanga.

Isiqendu 984 soMthetho wezoLuntu sichaza ukuba zonke iindleko zisoloko zihlawulwa ukuba zibuyiselwe, kodwa kuyimfuneko kuphela, ngaphandle kokuba kungenakwenzeka ukuphumeza umphumo ofunwayo. Ukuba iindleko zomntu ongekho mthethweni azijolise ekugciniseni ipropati kumonakalo okanye ekufeni, okanye kwelinye isiphumo esiluncedo, ngoko ayiyi kubuyiselwa. Kukho ukugcinwa - akufuneki ukuba izenzo zizisa umphumo oyifunayo, kubaluleke kakhulu, ukusetyenziswa kweziganeko ezinjalo. Ukuba loo miqathango idibeneyo, ilungelo lokubuyisela iindleko zivela, ukuba isenzo senziwa kumntu womnye ngaphandle kwekhomishini. Umzekelo unokuba oku kulandelayo. Ukuhlangula impahla kwi-fire, abantu basebenziselwa le njongo ethile yepropati yabo, eyonakaliswe. Ukuba iinzame zokulondoloza izinto aziphumelelanga, unokuthi afune ukubuyisela imali.

Imali yelahleko efunekayo ukuba ibuyiselwe ayikwazi ukudlula inani lempahla egcinwe, egcinwe.

Imbuyekezo

Kwimeko ethile, ngenxa yesenzo kumntu womnye ngaphandle kwemigaqo ye-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation idinga ukuhlaziywa. Oku kubonakala ukuba ngumntu okwenziweyo, ukuba ezi zimbini zilandelayo zidibene ngexesha elifanayo:

1. Izenzo zakhe nezenzo zenze umphumo omuhle.
2. Umvuzo unikezelwa ngumthetho womthetho, isivumelwano okanye isiko.

Ukuba umxhamli uye wavuma izenzo zakhe, ngoko ke, isiphumo singathathwa njengento efanelekileyo. Ukongezelela, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba imigaqo ye-Civil Code ilawula njani ubudlelwane obusemthethweni obudalwe, kwaye ukuba le miqathango inika umvuzo, ngoko umdlali onelungelo lokufumana.

Umvuzo wezenzo kumdla womnye ngaphandle kwemigaqo, imiqathango nemiphumo yale mi sebenzi ichazwe kwiinkcazo kwiCode Civil.

Iziphumo zentengiso

Ingcamango yesenzo kwiminqweno yabanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo ibandakanyi nje izenzo ezenze ngqo ngokuxhamlayo kumxhamli, kodwa kunye nokuthengiselana okugqityiweyo kunye nabantu abathathu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, umbuzo uvela kubuhlobo bezomthetho phakathi kwala maqela omntu kunye nomntu ochaphazelekayo.

I-Code Civil ibonisa le meko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ukuba umlingisi uphethe isivumelwano kunye nomntu wesithathu, ngoko amagunya kunye nezibophelelo zalo zingadlulela kumxhamli, ukuba uyayivuma loo nto, kwaye ukuba abantu aba-3 abachasani nokutshintshwa. Ukusuka apha ngasentla kulandela ukuba kwiimeko apho ukuthengiselana kuvunyiwe, imisebenzi iyakwazi ukuya kumntu ochaphazelekayo. Kodwa ukuba ayizange yamkele izenzo ezinjalo, ngoko uxanduva lomvumelwano-mgqiba ophelileyo luhlala kunye nomntu osebenzayo.

Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba umntu wesithathu akanakho ukuvuma ukuthengiselana ukuba, ngexesha lokuphetha kwakhe, wayesazi ukuba ngubani owenzela isivumelwano. Ukuba wayengazi, kwaye kamva wenqaba ukuthengiselana, ngoko imisebenzi yayo ihlala kunye nomntu osebenzayo.

Ukungalungi ukucebisa

Imigangatho yesahluko ekubhekiseleleyo ayiboneleli nje ingcamango yesenzo kwiminqweno yabanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo, kodwa nemiphumo yokungenakulungiswa kokungalungi ngenxa yezinto ezinjalo. Isiqendu 987 sale khowudi sihlula iimeko ezithandwayo, zidibanisa kwiintsebenziswano zomthetho ezivela kulungiso olungalunganga. Ezi zilandelayo zilawulwa yiSahluko 60 soMthetho wezoLuntu.

Ukwahlula kucacile kwaye kuyinyani. Kwimeko yokuqala, umlingisi wenza izenzo ezenzelwe ukudala okanye ukugcina izibonelelo kunye nezinye izinto ezichaphazelekayo kumntu ochaphazelekayo. Ezi zenzo zisemthethweni, zizinikele ngokugqithiseleyo. Umvuzo kunye nembuyekezo malunga nelahleko kulo mcimbi kwenzeka xa iimeko ezichazwe ekuqaleni kwendima zidibene.

Imeko yesibini ihluke ngokuthe ngqo kwiyokuqala. Ngaloo ndlela, umntu owenza isenzo asinakho nawuphi na umyalelo wezomthetho wezenzo zakhe. Njengomthetho, umntu onjalo ugcina okanye ukhusela ipropati ngeendleko zenye, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ukungenakulungiswa kokungenakulungiswa kubangelwa ekubeni umntu wesithathu wenza iimpazamo.

Ukucaphula, kunokuthiwa umntu okhusele okanye ukhusele umntu womntu onomdla, ngelixa engafuni le nto kwaye engenzi ngendlela yakhe, akanakucingelwa ukuba asebenze kwabanye. Izenzo zakhe kufuneka zihlolwe ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yeSahluko 60 soMthetho wezoLuntu. Kuyafana nakwiimeko apho ummeli onomdla ngokwakhe ekholelwa ukuba usebenza ngokwabo.

Ingozi kunye nembuyekezo yayo

Ukuzikhethela kwezenzo kwiminqweno yabanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo kugqityiweyo kwinto yokuba umntu owenzayo, obangele umonakalo kumntu ochaphazelekayo okanye kwabanye abantu ngokusemthethweni kwaye eqwalasela le miqathango ingentla, kufuneka akhululwe kwiimfanelo zokungaziphathi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba imimiselo yezenzo ezichaphazelekayo ayizange ihlangane, ngoko uxanduva lomenzi wobubi liza ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yomthetho wembambano, owanikezelayo kwaye achaze uxanduva olulandelelanayo nokunyanzeliswa kweengozi, kuba izenzo ezithandwa ngabanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo kufuneka zenziwe ngononophelo nangengqiqo.

Ingxelo

Inkqubo yokwenza izinto ezinomdla kwabanye ngaphandle kwemigaqo ibandakanya enye inyanzelekileyo yomntu osebenzayo. Ngoko ke, kuyaxanduva emva kokugqitywa kweziganeko ezinjalo ukubonelela umxhamli ngxelo apho kubonisa iziphumo apho konke oku kuphumela khona. Oko kukuthi, ingxelo kufuneka ibonise ukuba zeziphi izinto ezintle ezidalwe kumntu ochaphazelekayo, kunye nokulahlekelwa nguye. Ingxelo malunga nemiphumo imfuneko ukuba umxhamli ahlole ngokwenene umphumo wezenzo kwiminqweno yakhe.

Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umbopheleleko wokubonelela le ngxelo ibelwe ummeli woluntu kumdla womntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu ochaphazelekayo uvumelekile.

Ngaloo ndlela, izenzo ezihlolwe, nangona ziziko elithile elitsha kumthetho wabambiso, ngokubanzi zihamba kunye nezinye iimimiselo kwaye azikwazi ukuba khona kwikhefu kwizentlalo ezisemthethweni. Ukuqwalasela ezi ntshukumo kumdla womnye umntu, kufuneka uhlolisise izenzo zomntu osebenzayo kunye nomntu onomdla ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka.