Izakhiwo Elizabeth yobuciko of St Petersburg: inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye neempawu

Elizabeth ezimbejembeje - indlela yokuyilwa evelayo ebudeni bolawulo uKumkanikazi Elizabeth. Le zebhola Kuna bakhe phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII. Wezakhiwo, ummeli owayesakuba isimbo kakhulu umxhelo, waba Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Imbeko lakhe Elizabeth ezimbejembeje ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "Rastrelli".

owandulela

Ulawulo uPetros Omkhulu wenza eninzi utshintsho kubomi benkcubeko lizwe. Ikomkhulu elitsha yakhiwa kwi isimbo izakhiwo, gravitated nemilinganiselo yaseYurophu izakhiwo. Eli xesha ekuthiwa- Petrine yobuciko, ngokukhuthazwa mizekelo waseJamani, Dutch kunye Swedish izakhiwo. Isimbo esitsha iphantse kude ngokupheleleyo ukusuka isithethe yaseByzantium, bafumana ungazixabisi kwaye waphawula rhoqo bokwakha Russian kangangeenkulungwane. Yaye ezimbejembeje ngokuba kwemiqathango kakhulu. Le sesakhiwo kwexesha phantse wayengazi lokubhalela oluchumileyo, isimbo ekuqaleni yinqobo kuye.

UPetros Elizabeth ezimbejembeje, esikhundleni oko, kufuneka umahluko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Last ithathe izithethe eMoscow sesakhiwo esikhulu XVII kade -. The Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, iye yabuyela scheme cross-eyakhiwe yokwakha iitempile, itswele kunye kwe-ezimile Ipeyinti zokuhombisa.

isici

intombi iBhodi omncinane uPetros Omkhulu yabonakala ukukhula igunya kwamandla karhulumente, ukomelezwa ngobukhulu kweli lizwe. Oku ayikwazanga kuchaphazela zibukeke. Elizabeth ezimbejembeje eSt Petersburg aphesheya kuye abe nofifi lwendlela kwamandla karhulumente. Sibona ezinye iimpawu uphawu le isimbo:

• iintlobo okumangalisayo izinto zokuhombisa;

• ductility neefom neguquguqukayo bokwakha;

• abenza ezihamba kunye umbala kwi yangaphandle;

• ukusetyenziswa pilasters ze-ikota emithathu kwimiqolo;

• ukuzonwabisa kunye ubuninzi iinkcukacha zokuhombisa kwi ngaphakathi;

• a ukubuyela kwezinye izithethe lwezakhiwo yamandulo Russian.

style womculo

indalo yakhe yokuqala yadalwa Courland Rastrelli for unyana Biron. Emva koko waba wezakhiwo oyintloko Anna Ivanovna, yaye ekugqibeleni Elizabeth. Ekuqaleni-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane XVIII Rastrelli watyelela eMoscow, apho ndafumana ithuba uqhelane kunye iisampuli izakhiwo yemveli Russian. Njengoko abagxeki, ukuba uhambo olufutshane sichaphazele umsebenzi ngakumbi umninindlu, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, phezu kobuso kuye Petersburg yanamhlanje.

Isakhiwo yokuqala, nto leyo yakhiwa Rastrelli ngokomyalelo uKumkanikazi, kwaye yaqala udumo lwakhe, yaba ebhotwe ehlotyeni. Ngelishwa, le sakhiwo engafakwanga ngenxa yokuba ngamaplanga. Emva koko, kunye ubuchule ukuzibandakanya, wasebenza kwiiprojekthi ezininzi:

• I-Grand Ibhotwe e Peterhof (1747-1752);

• ESt Andrew kaThixo Cathedral e Kiev (mzobo elipeyintiweyo kwesakhiwo 1747);

• ngokutsha Tsarskoselskogo Catherine Palace (1752-1757).

Isakhiwo emide phakathi komzi

I-Winter Palace wayengomnye imisebenzi yokugqibela Rastrelli. Isakhiwo apho Hermitage sibekwe namhlanje, yaye namhlanje ibonisa Elizabeth ezimbejembeje wonke. Ukwakhiwa yaqala ngo 1754. indawo yayo mizuzu ku 60,000 ezikwere zeemitha kwaye nomthamo amagumbi 1500. Masakhane liphezulu phakathi zonke izakhiwo zokuhlala esixekweni. Oku abayinyamekelayo ukumkanikazi wakhupha umyalelo engavumi ukuba ukwakha izakhiwo ezininzi eziphakamileyo. Kwaye ngenxa akuthethi yiyo iNkosi enguMongami, kunye nento yokuba Rastrelli ebalwa olinganise efanelekileyo yesakhiwo kuthelekiswa nobubanzi umndilili Neva. Nakuba kunjalo, iinkcukacha akufumeneyo nangoku abangabaziyo nabaphandi baqalisa ukubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba oko akukho ngaphezu kokuba intsomi. Noko ke, lo mthetho ubanjwe nkqi nangokungqongqo.

ubuhle ayilibale

Ukugcwalisa ekwakhiweni Winter Palace phantsi Catherine II kwaye ngaphandle Rastrelli: uKumkanikazi wamtyhala, wakhetha Felten, Vallin de la Mothe, Rinaldi kunye Betsky. Esi sakhiwo uye emifanekisweni eziliqela nokubuyiselwa, kodwa namhlanje uyakwazi ukubona iinkcukacha Rastrelli okucwangcisiweyo kwaye wadala phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe. esiphelweni uhlaza, uphawu iinketho isimbo ezimbejembeje, unika ibhotwe ukubonakala festive. bokwakha Esi sakhiwo wehlabathi isingqisho ngokukhethekileyo ukwenza umhlathi, ngoko ezahlulwe sikude kakhulu, ngoko eqokelelwa iinyanda ezifana, risalits (phuhlu iindawo kwesakhiwo ukuphakama kwayo yonke), waphumela engile.

Olungaphambili ejongene Ibhotwe Square, Rastrelli ekhutshwe Arch. Indalo yayo wezakhiwo yaphefumlelwa xa ukwenza ulungiso Ibhotwe e Strelna. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwesakhiwo repainted. Ekuqaleni, lo umbala eliyinhloko imbola eshushu, izinto ezahlukeneyo (kwesigunyaziso inlay) zabelwe lime emhlophe. Namhlanje, iindonga zasebhotwe abe nombala nelesmarado ukubonakala kwawo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala benjenjalo kuba ekuqaleni IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic.

Smolny Cathedral

Kucingwa phezulu creative Rastrelli Smolny Convent. Elizabeth izakhiwo yobuciko ongengowale ndalo kukhanye ubuhle balo. Smolny Cathedral, i element usembindini lomculo, yasekwa ngo-Oktobha 30, 1748. Ngqo, ukubongamela umsebenzi wezakhiwo Christian Knobel, kodwa umbhali lo msebenzi wokwakha Rastrelli.

Cathedral nobuninzi ahombise ngayo izinto zokuhombisa: neeDormer, arcuate (luchkovye) gables, iingelosi kunye zitsha. Ekuqaleni umakhi wayesiya ukwakha isakhiwo kwimodeli yaseYurophu - kunye nkundla mnye. Elizabeth bungayelelani nesisombululo onjalo yaye zanyanzelisa amabhunga-angqukuva ezintlanu obudala isici. Nangona kunjalo, lo ngowona itempile uthengwayo yeyomnye kuphela, lwesakhiwo inkulu. Liphuma kwi igubu unalo nesigcina-emile yaye zinezihloko entloko onamaqhakuva. Ezinye ezine uphahla - yinqaba intsimbi.

Cathedral abangaboni yahlulwe imimandla emibini. Omnye kuquka inxalenye esezantsi olungaphambili, imbonakalo yakhe yonke efana ibhotwe. Okwesibini - ukutsala up uphahla ezintlanu - kukhanya ngezakhiwo ehambelana kumfanekiso eqhelekileyo zetempile. Smolny Cathedral bayinqule abaninzi ababephila Rastrelli. Namhlanje yenye izakhiwo ezininzi ezintle le Elizabeth izakhiwo yobuciko ka Saint Petersburg. Kubhaliwe ibekwe kwi Rastrelli Square kwindawo engundoqo ye sixeko.

indalo Kvasova

Phezu kwe Catherine Ibhotwe e Tsarskoye Selo kunye Rastrelli esebenza kunye nezinye bezakhiwo zobuciko Elizabeth: Andrey Vasilevich Kvasov kunye Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky. abahlalutyi Modern bayaqonda umbhali yokuqala uMsindisi kwi Haymarket. Le nkonzo ke yakhiwa ngo-1753. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iye yasinda kuphela iifoto: ngo-1938 ivaliwe, kwaye ngo-1961 - zabetha up. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, lo mbhali ibandla kubalelwa Rastrelli, kodwa abaphengululi mihla ningavumelani.

Ngokuba abazalwana Razumovsky Kvass udale amabhotwe e Kozelets, Gostilitsy kunye Znamenka (ubuqambi lokugqibela kuhlala elawula). Ngowe-1748 waya Ukraine, apho wayesebenza phezu kwiiprojekthi isimbo Ukrainian ezimbejembeje.

Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky

Xa iprojekthi Tsarskoye Selo Chevakinsky sakhiwe izakhiwo ezimbini ze-Catherine Palace, inkundla "Monbijou", nto leyo unanamhla khange walondolozwa, izindlu abasebenzi. Ukongeza, i-wezakhiwo inxaxheba ekudalweni egumbini "Hermitage".

Chevakinsky wayeyintloko lokwakha yomkhosi. Wayesongamela ukwakhiwa warehouses kwisiqithi "New Holland" kwaye siphuhlise isicwangciso sokwakha Kronstadt. Elizabeth ezimbejembeje eyenziwa Chevakinsky wazuza neempawu ezizodwa. Abakhi badla ukusebenzisa iintsika imiqolo emithathu lwakho ukuhombisa ezimbombeni, balcony zentsimbi okusebenzileyo kwizibiyeli kunye wezimbali.

St Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Eyona imveliso ye Chevakinsky - St Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Oku ise kwingingqi St Nicholas of St. Petersburg kwaye yenye abameli eliligugu zobuciko Elizabeth.

Cathedral yayakhelwe ukususela 1753 ukuya kunyaka 1762. Ngokwemiqathango isakhiwo umnqamlezo. Into ephambili zokuhombisa Nicholas Cathedral ziintsika aseKorinte, ngombala sistucco, a entablement nemivalo zomgunyathi phezu balcony. Ukwakha indawo phezulu cupolas ezintlanu ihonjiswe.

Elizabeth ezimbejembeje, ogama iimpawu kuxoxwa ngazo kweli nqaku ayisekho indlela nakolu emva kokufa Elizabeth. Oku bokwakha phantse sinabele kwiidolophu zephondo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela kubonakala nje kuphela umsebenzi St Petersburg amagcisa. Elizabeth sobuciko eziqulathwe imisebenzi bezakhiwo e Moscow, ikakhulu D. V. Uhtomskogo and I. F. Michurina.