Abalinganiswa kunye Ukwahlukanisa zokugonya

Izitofu zokugonya (inkcazelo, yokuhlela kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku) zingabameli ngumzimba kusetyenziswa ugonyo njengelisebenzayo (ngenye indlela - ukwenza okukwazi omzimba esebenzayo uyala pathogen ethile). WHO waqukumbela ugonyo - eyona ndlela ilungileyo nokuthintelwa ezimbi esosulelayo. Ngenxa ukusebenza kwayo phezulu, lula le ndlela, kungenzeka bengxelo olubanzi labantu ukuba agonywe ukuthintela kubunzima obuyi ezimbi, immunoprophylaxis kumazwe amaninzi igqalwa njengeyona nto iphambili kurhulumente.

nokugonywa

Ugonyo - imilinganiselo eyodwa azizithintelo ukukhusela umntwana okanye omdala esuka ezimbi ezithile ngokupheleleyo okanye kakhulu ukunciphisa imbonakalo yabo siganeko.

A nomphumela ofanayo ifunyanwa ngokuthi "uqeqesho" amajoni omzimba. Xa ufakwe ephilayo iziyobisi (okanye mandithi omzimba) ukuba ulwe usulelo kwaye eyenziweyo wamisa "uyakhumbula" yayo. Xa isifo re-okukwazi luvuliwe kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi ngokupheleleyo atshabalalise arhente zasemzini.

Uluhlu ngemisebenzi olu gonyo ziquka:

• ekukhetheni abantu ukuba agonywe;
• Ukukhetha iziyobisi;
• ekubumbeni ukujikeleza lokugonya;
• ukulawula ukusebenza;
• therapy (ukuba kuyimfuneko) kuyanqaba iingxaki kunye nezenzo zophendlo lwezifo.

Indlela nokugonywa

• Intradermal. Umzekelo i BCG. Ukuqaliswa isitofu live ekuveliseni emagxeni (wesithathu engaphandle kwayo). A indlela efanayo nayo kusetyenziswa ukukhusela tularemia, isibetho, iBrucellosis, anthrax, Q fever.
• Oral. Isetyenziswa ukuthintela ipoliyo nerabies. Ngomhla amanqanaba zophuhliso arhente yomlomo zokulwa umkhuhlane, imasisi, yicesina, usuleleko meningococcal.
• Ongama. Kule ndlela, ichiza akukho adsorbed yaziswa mhlawumbi igxalaba kungangabikho (umphezulu engaphandle phakathi nomlenze oluphakathi kunye eliphezulu kwisithathu) mmandla. Izinto eziluncedo: allergenicity phantsi, lula ulawulo, ayasiqinisekisa sifo (zombini zasekuhlaleni ngokubanzi).
• Kutshizwe. Oku isetyenziswa nogonyo kaxakeka. Ingaba kukhe kutshizwe ngempumelelo kakhulu anti-Brucellosisi, umkhuhlane, tularemia, isifo somqala omhlophe, anthrax isilonda, unkonkonko, isibetho, rubella, babe igesi, isifo sephepha, uminxano, yesifo, icesina, yesi sifo, segazi, mumps B.
• Intramuscular. Iveliswe nemikhinkqi ethangeni (inxalenye engentla perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps izihlunu ethangeni). Umzekelo, i-Dube.

zokugonya Modern zokuhlela

Kukho ukwahlukana ezininzi zokugonya.

1. Ulwahlulo kuthetha ngokungqinelana isizukulwana:

• 1 isizukulwana (isitofu corpuscular). Kwelinye icala, yahlulwe yaba okuncitshiswe (eziphilayo buthathaka) kunye inactivated (wambulala) kuthetha;
• isizukulwana 2: enganeno (chemical) kunye exotoxins detoxified (toxoids);
• 3 lizisa isizukulwana okugonya amayeza nxamnye hepatitis B yesitofu amayeza kunye kumgada;
• Generation 4 (engafakwanga practice), limelwe plasmid DNA, peptides zokwenziwa, izitofu zezityalo, izitofu eziqulathe iimveliso MHC kunye nonyango idiotypic.

2. Ucalulo zokugonya (eziphilayo liwabe zibe kwiiklasi eziliqela) imvelaphi. Ngu imvelaphi amachiza zihlukaniswe:

• uyaphila, eyenza zokuphila, kodwa okuncitshiswe micro-eziphilayo;
• wabulawa wadala ngokusekelwe ezincinane inactivated ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo;
• zokugonya chemical imvelaphi (kwi kwisiseko antigen ndenziwe nyulu kakhulu);
• amachiza ukuba zidalwe ngoncedo iindlela ze-biotechnology, yena, yahlulwe yaba:

- zokugonya zokwenziwa olusekelwe oligosaccharides kunye oligopeptides;

- zokugonya DNA;

- izakhi lokugonya wadala ngokusekelwe kwemveliso ngenxa Yindibanisela kweenkqubo amayeza.

3. Ngokungqinelana amalungu amachiza iAri, ugonyo kukho ulwahlulohlulo ilandelayo (ngamanye amazwi, njengoko iAri kwi machiza ukuze sibe khona):

• iiseli yonke amagciwane (inactivated okanye baphile);
• amacandelo ngamnye iiseli ngeentsholongwane (ezininzi protective Ar);
• ubuthi amagciwane;
• yi izithako Ag ziintsholongwane;
• IAri ukuba afunyenwe iindlela zobunjineli yemfuza.

Kuxhomekeka ukukwazi ukumelana nezifo ku arhente ezininzi okanye enye:

• monovalent;
• ipoliyo.

Ukuhlelwa ugonyo ngokuthobela iseti Ar:

• ingxenye;
• corpuscular.

izitofu eziphilayo

Kuba nokuveliswa zokugonya ezinjalo ngokusebenzisa okuncitshiswe iintlobo zee-arhente ezisulelayo. zokugonya ezinjalo iipropati immunogenic, kodwa kukuvela iimpawu zesifo ngexesha gonyo ngokuqhelekileyo abangele.

Ngenxa kwii-lokugonya ephilayo umzimba kwakhiwa iseli ukumelana, a secretory, nezifo humoral.

Ubuhle nobubi

Izinto eziluncedo ze isitofu live (Ukuhlelwa, isicelo ngazo kweli nqaku):

• A oyidlayo Ubuncinane;
• kungenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zisigonyelwe;
• okukwazi runningaway rapid;
• ukusebenza eliphezulu;
• ngexabiso eliphantsi;
• i immunogenicity ye kakhulu zendalo;
• akhiwa akukho kwisigcinakaliso;
• phantsi kweempembelelo zokugonya ezinjalo isebenze zonke iintlobo sifo.

icala:

• xa inkqubo omzimba buthathaka xa isigulane xa ilawulwa lokugonya live basenokuba isifo;
• ugonyo hlobo avelana kakhulu lobushushu, ngoko ke ukuqaliswa "sonakalisiwe" ugonyo oluyi-live ukuphuhlisa reactions ezibi okanye lokugonya ulahlekelwa iipropati yayo;
• ukungakwazi ukudibanisa la machiza kunye namanye amalungiselelo sokugonya, ngenxa yeziganeko ezibi okanye ilahleko ngempumelelo zonyango.

Ukwahlukanisa zokugonya eziphilayo

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo zokugonya live:

• Okuncitshiswe (elibuthathaka) amalungiselelo sokugonya. Bona akhutshwa isantya ziye zancitshiswa phathogenicity, kodwa kuthiwa immunogenicity. Xa kwenziwa ubunzima wamachiza umzimba iphuhlisa usulelo ukufana: arhente infective ziyazala, ngaloo ndlela ebangela ukuyilwa omzimba. Phakathi esaziwa kakhulu malungiselelo sokugonya kuthintelo yicesina, izilonda, anthrax, Q fever kunye nesifo sokuphunza. Ukanti uninzi zokugonya live - amachiza antiviral evela izifo adenoviral, icesina emthubi, uqilikwane, sogonyo Sabin (nepoliyo), rubella, imasisi, influenza;
• Amachiza ezahlukeneyo. ukuba Benza ngokusekelwe Ngeentlobo ezinxulumene ngayo ezimbi esosulelayo. Ezi awakwazi bawaphikise omzimba ahanjiswayo anqumla ezisegazini gciwane zemiyalelo. Imizekelo zokugonya hlobo prophylaxis lugonyo ingqakaqa uhlobo senziwa ngokususela vaccinia ingqakaqha intsholongwane kwaye BCG, ngokusekelwe mycobacteria ezibanga tuberculosis lenkomo.

zokugonya umkhuhlane

Uthintelo isebenzayo wamachiza influenza esetyenzisiweyo. Bona iziyobisi zebhayoloji ezinika ukubonakala ukumelana elifutshane elide iintsholongwane influenza.

Ezibonisa babase kwisitofu ezinjalo:

• yobudala engama-60 nangaphezulu;
• bronchopulmonary ezinganyangekiyo okanye isifo sentliziyo;
• ukukhulelwa (2-3 trimesters);
• abasebenzi, iiklinikhi kunye nezibhedlela;
• abantu abahlala ngokusisigxina ubunini babo ezivaliweyo (ezintolongweni, zokulala, kumakhaya abalupheleyo, njalo-njalo);
• izigulane kunyango izinzile okanye ambulatory ukuba babe gemoglabinopatii, ingcinezelo omzimba, isifo isibindi, zezintso kunye nezigulo metabolic.

uhlobo

zokugonya Classification influenza ziquka ezi maqela alandelayo:

1. lokugonya Live;
2. lokugonya Inactivated:

• zokugonya gciwane yonke. Iquka undefeated virions ndenziwe nyulu kakhulu inactivated;
• rascheplennye (zokugonya split). Umzekelo: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Oku kusekelwe virions komkhuhlane miseka (zonke kwiiproteni zentsholongwane);

• ugonyo enganeno ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") iqanjwa iiprotheni ezimbini viral komhlaba, haemagglutinin kunye neuraminidase ukuqinisekisa Ukungeniswa omzimba kunye influenza. Ezinye neeproteni ze virion, kunye intshontsho umbungu abangekhoyo ukususela bungaveli ngexesha ngokuhlanjululwa.