A eziphilayo - it ... Ulwahlulo eziphilayo. Zizo zonke izinto eziphilayo

A eziphilayo - kodwa isifundo esingundoqo, nto leyo befunda ngenzululwazi, efana biology. Le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, equka iiseli, amalungu kunye namalaphu. A eziphilayo - yenye into iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka isici. Yena umoya udlayo, ihamba kunye uhamba kwaye nenzala.

Sciences Life

Igama elithi "Biology" lafakwa JB Lamarck - semvelo French - ngo 1802. Ngelo malunga ngexesha elinye kunye ngokuzimeleyo igama inzululwazi, ophilileyo ihlabathi, wanika yezityalo German GR Treviranus.

amacandelo ezininzi Biology ingqalelo ukwahluka kuphela izinto ezikhoyo ngoku, kodwa sele extinct. Abalufunda imvelaphi yazo kunye neenkqubo kwindaleko, isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza, ngokunjalo nophuhliso buqu kunye nonxibelelwano kunye nendalo kunye nabanye.

AmaCandelo Biology imithetho zabucala kunye jikelele ingqalelo, leyo ezendeleyo zonke izinto eziphilayo kuzo zonke iipropati kunye kubonakaliswa. Oku kukwasebenza ukuzala, kunye ukutya kunye lufuzo, kunye nophuhliso, kunye nokukhula.

Qala isigaba zembali

Eyokuqala eziphilayo kwiplanethi yethu kubume bayo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka ekhoyo ngoku. Baba lula kakhulu. Kuyo yonke amanqanaba ukubunjwa ubomi on Earth weza zivunywa. Yena negalelo ekuphuculeni ubume eziphilayo, ebavumela ukuba baziqhelanise kwihlabathi ngaphandle.

Xa lokuqala eziphilayo indalo badla izithako kuphela organic ezithe zavela kule ekudleni lokuqala. Ekuqaleni imbali yayo kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezi zizidalwa olunye-ezineseli ezincinane. Baba ngokufanayo amoebae yangoku ulele blue-eluhlaza kunye neentsholongwane. Ngexesha Ukudaleka eziphilayo multicellular yaqala ukubonakala ezibe kakhulu isohluka nangakumbi kunye nezintsonkothileyo ngaphezu langaphambili.

chemical ukubunjwa

A eziphilayo - oko kukuthi, iimolekyuli oluthi luqokelelane kwezinto ezingaphiliyo organic.

Owayesakuba kula macandelo ziquka amanzi nezimbiwa iityuwa. izinto eziphilayo ke kwiiseli izinto eziphilayo amafutha kunye neeproteni, ii-asidi acid, iikhabhohayidrethi, ATP kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba izinto eziphilayo kubume ziqulathe efanayo izakhi ezifumanekayo kunye izinto zendalo ezingaphiliyo. Umahluko eziphambili kwi umlinganiselo izinto data. Eziphilayo - alithoba nesibhozo abo ekhulwini apho uya hydrogen, ioksijini, yekhabhoni nitrogen.

ngezigaba

Ihlabathi kweziphilayo iplanethi yethu ukuba kuthi ga ngoku malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, kwesiqingatha sesigidi iintlobo zezityalo, kwakunye iintsholongwane kwezigidi ezilishumi. Loo iyantlukwano ayikwazi kufundwa ngaphandle systematization eneenkcukacha. Ulwahlulo lwe eziphilayo yasungulwa kuqala naturalist Swedish Carl Linnaeus. Isiseko umsebenzi wakhe, wabeka umgaqo oluneqela elinegunya. Iyunithi yaba uhlobo systematization, igama leyo imenyiwe ukuba kuphela Latin.

Ulwahlulo eziphilayo ezisetyenziswa eziphilayo mihla ophilileyo, ibhekisela nomini kunye nobudlelwane kwindaleko iinkqubo organic. Ngoxa nokugcina umgaqo legunya.

Zizo zonke izinto ukuba abe imvelaphi efanayo, lo chromosome enye iseti, apha naphaya iimeko ezifanayo ophilileyo, ehlala yokuhlala ethile, ungazizekisi ngokukhululekileyo ndikunike inzala ekwaziyo yokuzala, kwaye imbono.

Kukho nenye Ukuhlelwa eziphilayo. Le inzululwazi zonke izinto cellular zahlulwa ngokwamaqela ngokwendlela ubukho okanye ukungabikho core ngokusesikweni. It prokaryotes kunye eukaryotes.

Iqela lokuqala imelwe eziphilayo zamandulo ngaphandle nuclei. Ezi cell kwindawo zenyukliya, kodwa iqulethe molecule kuphela. Le ntsholongwane.

abameli zenyukliya kunjalo kwihlabathi ephilayo are eukaryotes. Iiseli eziphilayo eli qela eziphilayo onke amacandelo ezisisiseko zesakhiwo. Zazihonjiswe ngokucacileyo nabo, kunye nomxholo. Eli qela libandakanya izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezinye izinto.

Ubume be-eziphilayo kusenokungabikho kuphela iseli. izifundo Biology kunye nezinye iintlobo zobomi. Ezi ziquka eziphilayo non-cellular, ezifana iintsholongwane kunye bacteriophages.

Iiklasi yezinto eziphilayo

Xa KABLOOM eziphilayo ikhona Rank Ukuhlelwa oluneqela elinegunya, izazinzulu zikholelwa enye engundoqo. Asazise iindidi zezinto eziphilayo. Ezona ziphambili zezi zilandelayo:

- bacterium;

- awafanele;

- izilwanyana;

- izityalo;

- lisiza.

Inkcazelo ngezigaba

Le bacterium a esiphilayo. Oku ezineseli enye, nto leyo Akwandise kwiyantlukawano. I iseli igciwane livalelwe kwiqokobhe kwaye kukho icytoplasm.

Ukuze mahlelo alandelayo eziphilayo ayifungi. Kwindalo, kukho malunga amahlanu amawaka iintlobo zezi abameli behlabathi ephilayo. Noko ke, zebhayoloji baye bafunda iipesenti ezintlanu nje kuphela yabo bebonke. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo mushroom inazo iimpawu zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Indima ebalulekileyo yale yeklasi eziphilayo kuxhomekeke kubuchule ukubola izinto eziphilayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto amakhowa ingafumaneka phantse zonke yayigcinwa eziphilayo.

A iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana liyi. Abameli beli iklasi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezinjalo, apho, kuyabonakala ukuba, akukho iimeko yobukho.

Iklasi ezininzi kakhulu zizilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. Igama baza ukusuka kwindlela yokondla inzala. Zonke abameli zahlulwe ezanyisayo ungulates (indlulamthi, ihashe) kunye nezidla (fox, ingcuka, ibhere).

Abameli yehlabathi izilwanyana nazo izinambuzane. Bona ehlabathini kukho ezininzi kangaka. Bona ukudada luyanyuka, khasa kunye jump. Uninzi izinambuzane abe ubungakanani omncinane yokuba abakwazi ukumelana nkqu ngengxabano namanzi.

Omnye lomqolo yokuqala zavela kumaxesha amandulo Ngokwembali ilizwe, kwakukho emanzini nasemhlabeni. Kunjalo ukuphila kwale eklasini ezinxulumene ngamanzi. Ngenxa yoko, abadala yokuhlala - umhlaba owomileyo, nokuphefumla yabo lula. Imibungu kwakhona aphefumle iigilizi kwaye ukudada emanzini. Okwangoku ehlabathini kukho malunga namawaka asixhenxe iintlobo zesi iklasi yezinto eziphilayo.

abameli ezizodwa zezilo iplanethi yethu iintaka. Ngapha koko, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izilwanyana, bayakwazi ukubhabha. Umhlaba likhaya phantse asibhozo amawaka, anamakhulu mathandathu iintlobo zeentaka. Kuba amalungu ale klasi luphawulwa iintsiba kunye egg ngokubekwa.

Ukuba iqela elikhulu ekuyo bangamalungu nentlanzi. Zihlala amachibi kunye ezinamaphiko kunye iigilizi. Izazi bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini yeentlanzi. Le intlala bone. Okwangoku, kukho iintlobo malunga namawaka amabini ngeentlobo zeentlanzi.

Ngaphakathi iklasi zezityalo kufuneka nomgangatho wayo. Abameli flora zahlulwe dicots kunye monocots. Xa lokuqala kula maqela kwi umbungu imbewu ikhona, ezibandakanya cotyledons ezimbini. Ukumisela abameli kule iintlobo kuba amagqabi. Bona yongezwe enemingxuma of emithanjeni (ingqolowa, beetroot). Umbungu of monocots babe Cotyledon enye kuphela. On namagqabi izityalo ezifana zilungiselelwe imithambo ngaxeshanye (itswele, ingqolowa).

ulwelwe Class ineendidi engamashumi amathathu amawaka. Oku izityalo ibihlungu zasemanzini ezingenawo imithambo yegazi, kodwa abe ngokuba yiklorofili. Eli candelo kunegalelo inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Ulwelwe awakhi imbewu. ukwanda kwabo kwenzeka ngokuthi kwezityalo okanye ibihlungu. Xa izityalo eziphezulu, olu didi lwe eziphilayo esibonakala ngokungabikho lokuphila iziqu, amagqabi kunye neengcambu. Bathi ebizwa ngokuba yi-umzimba kuphela, leyo kuthiwa thallus.

Imisebenzi ezendeleyo eziphilayo

Yintoni ebalulekileyo ukuze naliphi na ilungu ihlabathi ephilayo? Le amandla umthambo iinkqubo ukutya kunye nezinto. Emzimbeni ophilayo uguqulelo rhoqo izinto ezahlukeneyo zibe amandla, kunye notshintsho nemichiza kwenzeka.

Lo msebenzi luyimfuneko kuba ubukho esiphilayo. Kungenxa nethe yehlabathi ephilayo abantu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ezingaphiliyo. Ewe, izinto ezingaphiliyo nayo utshintsho zenkqunto kunye nenguqu namandla. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo kufuneka iyantlukwano yawo. Ukutya, nto leyo eyenzeka kwizinto ezingaphiliyo, azitshabalalise. Kwangaxeshanye, izinto eziphilayo ngaphandle iinkqubo pathways ayikwazi ukuqhubeka khona. Le ngenxa lokugaya ukuhlaziya inkqubo ephilayo. Ukupheliswa iinkqubo sonaniso kunokuphumela ekufeni.

Imisebenzi esiphilayo zahlukahlukene. Ke bonke bephela ezinxulumene ngqo iinkqubo pathways ezenzeka kuyo. Oku kunokuba ukukhula kunye ukuzala, uphuhliso kunye ukwetyisa, isondlo neoksijini, basabela ulwe ukhetho kunye secretion kwemveliso kwenkunkuma, njl Xa intliziyo nawuphi na umsebenzi somzimba isethi iinkqubo zenguqu amandla kunye nezinto. Ngaphezu koko, oko ngokulinganayo inxulumene amathuba nje emzimbeni, iseli, iziko, kunye nezinto eziphilayo yonke.

Yokucolwa ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni kubandakanya iinkqubo ngesondlo kunye ekugayeni. Xa izityalo, oku kwenziwa zefotosinthesisi. A ephilayo xa zisebenzisa yokucolwa ngokwayo ngawo izakhiwo eziyimfuneko ebomini.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo yehlabathi zomgquba zezinto ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamandla yangaphandle. Umzekelo oku kusebenza ukukhanya kunye nokutya.

Properties ezendeleyo eziphilayo

Nayiphi iyunithi yendalo yakhiwa izakhi ngamnye, nto leyo, uhlobo sobufundisi enxulumene nkqubo. Umzekelo, kwi-aggregate onke amalungu kunye nemisebenzi kumela umzimba wakhe. Iimpawu eziphilayo zahlukahlukene. Ukongeza sisincoko yemichiza owodwa kwaye kungenzeka iinkqubo pathways izinto umbutho ekwaziyo organic ihlabathi. Ukususela isindululo lwalusanda zavelisa izakhiwo ezithile ingalawuleki. Oku kudala ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo ngendlela ethile ngexesha kunye nendawo. umbutho zolwakhiwo isethi yonke self-olawula esimbaxa iinkqubo pathways ezithi zenzeke ngendlela ethile. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba agcine kwinqanaba elifunekayo imeko rhoqo lwangaphakathi. Umzekelo, i-insulin hormone unciphisa isixa glucose egazini xa nto ukuzibhubhisa. Ngenxa yokunqongophala eli candelo yenza iadrenaline yakhe glucagon. Kwakhona, eziphilayo efudumeleyo-ezinegazi ilifa iindlela ezininzi thermoregulation. Le ukwandiswa emithanjeni eluswini, ukubila olukhulu. Njengoko ubona, lo msebenzi ebalulekileyo olwenziwa yi umzimba.

Iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ngqo kuphela kwihlabathi eziphilayo, kwaye kwagqitywa kwinkqubo self-ukuzala, ngenxa yokuba ubukho nayiphi na inkqubo eziphilayo lixesha umda a. Ukugcina ubomi kuba self-yokuzala kuphela. Isiseko lwalo msebenzi ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha eziphilayo okubangelwa ingcaciso leyo ifakwe kwi-DNA. Self-ukuvelisa kuhlangene ku yofuzo. Ngapha koko, yonke imiphefumlo ephilileyo, uzala ngokwabo. Kwathi ngenxa yofuzo eziphilayo kuphuhliso lwabo ethile, iimpawu kunye neempawu. Lo mhlaba kungenxa ukuzingisa. Ikhona isakhiwo molecule DNA.

Enye inkalo uphawu eziphilayo, ukuba nochuku. Iinkqubo Organic njalo ukuphendula utshintsho bangaphakathi kunye nabangaphandle (nefuthe). Malunga ucaphuka umzimba womntu, oko inxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kunye iipropati lokuba esihlunwini, luvo, kunye izicwili glandular. La macandelo bayakwazi impendulo kuqinise emva imisipha, imvelaphi luvo ngokwentshukumisa, kunye secretion kwezinto ezahlukeneyo (iihomoni, ematheni, njalo njalo). Ke ukuba, ndayihluthwa e-nervous system of a esiphilayo? Iimpawu eziphilayo ngohlobo ucaphuka ebonakalaliswe kule meko intshukumo. Umzekelo, lenyama ashiye izisombululo apho xi ityuwa iphezulu kakhulu. Ke ukuba izityalo, bayakwazi ukutshintsha indawo amahlumelo ukuze ukufunxa ukukhanya kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Nawuphi zezinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukukhawuelana isivuseleli. Le yenye inkalo izinto zehlabathi organic - excitability. Le nkqubo saqinisekisa izihlunu zomzimba glandular. Enye indlela yokugqibela excitability na intshukumo. Ukukwazi ukuhamba ipropati eliqhelekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo, nangona into yokuba ezinye izinto kubonakala kususwa kuye. Ngapha koko, le intshukumo kukho icytoplasm kwenzeka kuyo nayiphi iseli. Eqhutywa kunye nezilwanyana eziqhotyoshelweyo. movement Growth ngokwandisa inani leeseli waphawula kwizityalo.

yokuhlala

Ubukho zehlabathi kweziphilayo izinto kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ezinye inxalenye isithuba ihlale esijikeleza eziphilayo okanye iqela lonke. Lo yokuhlala.

Kubomi nayiphi na into ephilayo, kumalungu eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo endalo badlale indima ebalulekileyo. Avelisa nefuthe ethile kuye. eziphilayo kufuneka baziqhelanise neemeko ezikhoyo. Ngoko ke, ezinye izilwanyana aphile kwi Far North kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. Abanye khona kuphela kule ndawo.

Kwiplanethi enguMhlaba, kukho zokuhlala eziliqela. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi:

- amanzi;

- emhlabeni-amanzi;

- emhlabeni;

- umhlaba;

- a eziphilayo;

- umhlaba-moya.

Indima eziphilayo endalweni

Ubomi Emhlabeni sele iminyaka billion emithathu. Ekwenzekeni oko konke eli xesha, eziphilayo ekhulisa, watshintsha, bahlala ngexesha elinye ukusebenza kwindalo yawo.

Isiphumo kwiinkqubo organic umoya wabangela ukubonakala isixa-mali esikhudlwana kwe-oksijini. Oku kakhulu kwanciphisa umsebenzi carbon dioxide. Umthombo engundoqo imveliso ioksijini zizityalo.

Phantsi yempembelelo eziphilayo satshintsha ukwakheka Yehlabathi Ocean. imvelaphi Organic baye ematyeni. imithombo Mineral (oyile, amalahle, lekalika) - oko kwakhona ziziphumo nokusebenza eziphilayo. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto zehlabathi ephilayo i namandla esiguqula indalo.

Izinto eziphilayo ukuba uhlobo salathisi, ebonisa umgangatho okusingqongileyo yabantu. Bona enxulumene izityalo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kunye nomhlaba. Nelahleko noba ikhonkco single kulo mxokelelwane ukuthanda ukungalingani inkqubo eziphilayo xa iyonke. Kungenxa yoko le nto Ukubolekisa amandla into kwi planethi Kubalulekile ukugcina yonke iyantlukwano ezikhoyo abameli zehlabathi ephilayo.