Yintoni ebusweni Mercury? Iimpawu Mercury

Umphezulu of Mercury, ngokufutshane ethetha, ifuze inyanga. amathafa enkulu kunye ezininzi yimingxuma lubonisa ukuba umsebenzi zejoloji kwi planethi yaphela ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

surface texture

Umphezulu of Mercury (photo ibonisa kamva kwinqaku), iyaqhutywa probe "Mariner-10," yaye "Messenger", kufana ngembonakalo eNyangeni. Planet becala oluphahlwe yimingxuma ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Wesona zibonakale ukuya imifanekiso ezininzi eneenkcukacha "Mariner" ilinganiswa ikhulu ambalwa iimitha ubukhulu. Isithuba phakathi yimingxuma ezinkulu tyaba kwaye kucacile. Iyafana kumphezulu kwenyanga, kodwa kuthatha indawo kakhulu ngakumbi. indawo enjalo eyirhawula iphambili ifuthe Mercury isakhiwo wambumba ngenxa kungquzulwano, - Ubushushu Plain ichibi (Caloris Planitia). Kwintlanganiso kunye "Mariner-10", wayifulela sisiqingatha kuphela wayo, kwaye kwaba evulekile ngokupheleleyo "abathunywa" ngexesha flyby yayo yokuqala emhlabeni ngoJanuwari 2008.

imigodi

Izithinteli zixhaphakileyo na yimingxuma ze-langa sendawo. Bona ubukhulu becala kuwugubungela umphezulu ka phephandaba. Planet (iifoto eboniswe ngezantsi) xa uqala Kubonakala ngathi inyanga, kodwa ukufunda kufutshane abonisa umahluko umdla.

Bekukubi on Mercury ngaphezu kabini inyanga, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa lexinene ophezulu nucleus yayo emikhulu eyenziwe ngentsimbi nesalfure. A amandla elikhulu womxhuzulane ithande ukuba ukugcina mba betekisi ukusuka mngxuma, kufuphi nesiza igalelo. Xa kuthelekiswa nenyanga, oko kuwa kumgama% kuphela 65 inyanga. Oku kuba ngomnye wemiba leyo ebangele ukuba yimingxuma zasesekondari iplanethi akhiwa ifuthe umbandela betekisi, ngokungafaniyo zamabanga ezivela ngqo phezu zicinywe Ibhanti okanye enomsila. bekukubi Higher kuthetha ukuba iimilo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nezakhiwo ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo yimingxuma ezinkulu - iincopho Central, kumathambeka kunye nesiseko egudileyo - on Mercury waphawula yimingxuma ezincinci (ubuncinane malunga ne-10 km) ngaphezu iNyanga (malunga ne-19 km). ubungakanani ezincinane kwezi zakhiwo abe imilo elula ikomityi-like. imigodi Mercury ziyahluka Mars, nangona ezi iiplanethi zimbini womxhuzulane iyathelekiswa. imigodi Fresh zokuqala zidla gangqa imfundo siwenze elinesibini. Oku kubangelwa isiqulatho esezantsi volatiles kwi ngumonzakalo Mercury okanye izantya eziphezulu igubu (ukusukela nesantya kwandisa into kwi komzila nelanga indlela ukuya Sun).

Imigodi ezinkulu kuno kweekhilomitha ezili-100 ububanzi aqale ukusondela imilo embhoxo wayenza ngokuseka ezinkulu. Ezi zithinteli - emachibini polycyclic - intantlu-300 km okanye nangaphezulu kwaye ngenxa yangqubana zinamandla. inqwaba amaninzi kuwo afumaneka kwi nxalenye ukufota le planethi. Image "Messenger" kunye laser altimetry baye benza igalelo elikhulu ukuqonda ezi amanxeba intsalela evela bombardment ekuqaleni asteroid of Mercury.

Caloris Basin

Esi sakhiwo kukothuka inabela ngenxa 1550 km. Xa sibona lokuqala "Mariner-10" kwakucingwa ukuba ubukhulu bayo lincinane kakhulu. Isithuba engaphakathi injongosenzi yengenanto i ogudileyo ababhacayo isongiwe kunye izangqa concentric kwaphulwa. Zibe inkulu ntaba ndasolula kwaphela amakhulu ngeekhilomitha ubude, nama-3 km ububanzi kunye iimitha 300 ukuphakama. Over 200 ikhefu imiphetho ngobukhulu sivela ezinkqantosini kwiziko; abaninzi kubo misinga iifolo limited (grabens). Apho grabens yabanikazi ikhephu, bakholisa ukuba sacanda mkhandanisi kubo, nto leyo ibonisa ukuba nokudaleka kamva.

Iintlobo komhlaba

Caloris Basin ingqongwe iintlobo ezimbini ngengingqi - edge yakhe kunye nesisombululo akhiwa iliwa izikhulu. I ring inyele iibhloko ntaba mgaqweni efikelela 3 km kwendawo, ezo iintaba iphezulu ehlabathini bafumanisa kunye kumathambeka noko kwicala zijonge embindini walo. I ring lwesibini bebekwe ezincinane kakhulu 100-150 km ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kuba amathambeka yangaphandle ummandla nasentshonalanga ebabusisakha yomgama neentlambo ngokuyinxenye zizaliswe nakwimifula, ezinye zazo namaqhosha iinduli ezininzi kunye amaqhuma engamakhulu eziliqela leemitha. Imvelaphi amaqumrhu enza lo msesane ebanzi ngeenxa zonke Caloris isitya, ziyaphikisana. Ezinye mathafa kwi Moon kwasekwa ikakhulu impefumlelwano ukukhutshwa kunye umphezulu isiqabu ezikhoyo, kwaye kungenzeka lokwenene Mercury nayo. Kodwa "Mthunywa" iziphumo zibonisa ukuba indima ebalulekileyo nokudaleka wayedlala mlilo. Hayi nje kukho yimingxuma encinane, xa kuthelekiswa kunye nolophu pool, ebonisa ukuba ixesha elide naseArabha, kodwa abe ezinye iimpawu, oluxhomekeke ngokucacileyo ne mlilo kunokuba kunokubonwa imifanekiso ezithathwe ngu "Mariner-10". Kuthathwe nobungqina mlilo zifunyenwe ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso "UMTHUNYWA" ebonisa mlilo, uninzi lwazo ibekwe ecaleni komphetho engaphandle ubushushu mmandla.

komgodi Raditladi

Caloris yenye kumathafa yomncinane ezinkulu polycyclic, ubuncinane xa inxalenye uphando phephandaba. Mhlawumbi kwasekwa ngexesha elinye, kwaye xa isakhiwo lokugqibela elikhulu enyangeni - malunga 3.9 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Image "UMTHUNYWA" kutyhilwa omnye, incinane kakhulu impembelelo ndawo umsesane ebonakalayo ngaphakathi, nto leyo endiyibumbileyo kakhulu kamva ogama Raditladi pool.

antipode engaqhelekanga

Kwelinye icala umhlaba kanye 180 ° Plain Ubushushu isahlulo kwiindawo malunga engaqhelekanga inokutyhefeka. Izazinzulu zichaza le nyaniso, esithi malunga bokwakha ngaxeshanye zabo ngokujolisa Amaza wenyikima kwiziganeko obuchaphazele umphezulu antipodal ka Mercury. LaseSamariya ezindaweni kunye eyayigcwele imigca na enkulu indawo ezisezintabeni emele eneepoligoni zazihamba 5-10 km ububanzi yaye ukuya ku-1.5 km ephakame. imigodi Pre-ezikhoyo aba iinduli kunye neentanda iinkqubo yenyikima ukuba kubangela isiqabu ifomu. Abanye babo bade ezantsi, kodwa emva koko yatshintsha ukwakheka kwalo, ebonisa ukuba kamva ukuzigcwalisa.

emathafeni

Plain - asemoyeni tyaba okanye lihlangana ka Mercury, Venus, uMhlaba Mars, apho zifumaneka kuyo yonke imimandla kwezi iiplanethi. Iluphawu "yemizobo", leyo landscape yaphuhliswa. La mathafa zibonisa ukuba inkqubo ngokutshatyalaliswa ezimbi kwaye adale isithuba atshabalalisa.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu ubuncinane ukuya "besila", imibulelo kuyo, mhlawumbi, inqanaba phezu phephandaba.

Enye yeendlela - icesina - kunciphisa inqaba Uqweqwe kunye nokukwazi layo ukugcina isiqabu eliphezulu. Kwizigidi zeminyaka entabeni 'utshona', ezantsi yimingxuma ka Mercury liphuma umphezulu endaweni ephantsi.

Indlela yesibini iquka ihamba rocks ngayo kwendawo ephantsi phantsi amanyathelo womxhuzulane. Nge rock okongezeleke ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye Wawuzalisa ngokwandisa umthamo wayo kumazinga misinga aphezulu. ngoko ukuziphatha udaka evela izibilini planethi.

Indlela yesithathu kukuba ukuqhagamshelana ngamaqhekeza amatye phezu Mercury ngentla, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ulungelelwaniso rough isiqabu. Umzekelo lo matshini ezikhutshwayo rocks sikhonze ekubunjweni yimingxuma kwaye nothuthu mlilo.

Umsebenzi mlilo

Abanye ubungqina isondela hypothesis yempembelelo mlilo kukwenziwa ezininzi kumathafa ezingqonge Caloris sokuhlambela, ukuba sele unike. Ezinye amathafa eselula kwi Mercury, ingakumbi olubonakalayo kwimimandla ekwezi kwi imo yekona eliphantsi ngexesha flyby yokuqala "Messenger", bonisa iimpawu uphawu mlilo. Umzekelo, yimingxuma ezininzi ezindala iyaphuphuma udaka udini, efana njengokuzibuza efanayo kwi kweNyanga Mars. Noko ke, amathafa zize Mercury kunzima ngakumbi ukuba ukuhlola. Ngenxa yokuba abadala, kuyacaca ukuba ezinye mlilo nengxelo mlilo kusenokuba kuxhomekeka yokukhukuliseka okanye ukuwa kunjalo, oko kwenze ukuba kube nzima ukuba bachaze. Ukuqonda la emathafeni amadala kubalulekile, njengoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba babandakanyeke yokuduka ezininzi yimingxuma kunye ububanzi of 10-30 km, xa kuthelekiswa ne eNyangeni.

scarp

Iifom ibaluleke mphandle Mercury, oko kunika ufifi isakhiwo lwangaphakathi neplanethi amakhulu emaweni ezitsolo. Ubude iliwa yahluka ukusuka inqwaba ngaphezu kwewaka kweekhilomitha, ukuphakama - ukususela 100 m ukuya 3 km. Xa usibona phezulu, ezinemiphetho zabo kuvela ajikelezayo okanye scalloped. Kucacile ukuba oku - sisiphumo genge, xa kukho indawo yebala waphakama waza wawa phezu kwindawo ezingqongileyo. On Earth, izakhiwo ezinjalo lunqongophele ubukhulu kwaye kwenzeka ucinezelo oxwesileyo zasekuhlaleni noqweqwe. Ke bonke ukuba bahlole kumphezulu Mercury wambu ezikuhewuhewu, nto leyo ithetha ukuba uqweqwe emhlabeni ngo elidlulileyo lihlile. Inani kunye nejiyometri le scarps, kulandela ukuba iplanethi kuncitshiswa km-3 ubukhulu.

Ngaphezu koko, lo shrinkage kufuneka luqhutywe de kuthelekiswa kutsha nje kwimbali wejoloji ixesha kuba ezinye scarps waziqulunqa ngokutsha liyalondolozwa (yaye ngenxa yoko kuthelekiswa abancinane) yimingxuma impembelelo. Sehlise original-high speed ukujikeleza umhlaba imikhosi baphumelele ucinezelo ekuveliseni ezinezinga mvula phephandaba. scarps jikelele kunikwa, ke, lubonisa kamva enye ingcaciso okupholisa yokwaleka, mhlawumbi xa zidityaniswe kunye isahlulo kanye eqina ngokupheleleyo undoqo etyhidiweyo, kwabangela ucinezelo ongundoqo kunye noqweqwe deformation ebandayo. Ukunciphisa ubungakanani Mercury ngexesha okupholisa ingubo yakhe kuya kukhokelela kwizakhiwo ezininzi longitudinal ngaphezu kubonakala, ebonisa ukuba incompleteness kwenkqubo ucinezelo.

kumphezulu Mercury likaThixo: ntoni na?

Izazinzulu baye bazama ukufumana ukwakhiwa umhlaba, ukuhlola kwelanga kubonakala ukusuka kumacandelo alo ahlukeneyo. Omnye umahluko phakathi Mercury kunye neNyanga, ngaphandle kwento yokuba bit yokuqala mnyama, kukuba uluhlu komhlaba kukuqaqamba ube mncinci. Umzekelo, ulwandle ekutayipheni - isithuba egudileyo, ubonakale ngeliso lenyama njenge ndawo enkulu emnyama - mnyama kakhulu kwiintaba cratered flecked namathafa Mercury kuphela mnyama kancinci. Umahluko nombala iqapheleka ngaphantsi emhlabeni, nangona imifanekiso "Messenger", wenza usebenzisa iseti okucoca umbala, wabonisa ukuba iindawo ezincinane kakhulu nemibala ezinxulumene mlilo. Ezi mpawu kunye enyanyeni kakhulu ezibonakalayo kunye kufutshane spectrum infrared le kwelanga lubonakala, zibonisa ukuba Mercury umphezulu iquka kunokuba abangamahlwempu zentsimbi kunye titanium silicate izimbiwa umbala ngobumnyama xa kuthelekiswa oyinyanga maria. Ngokukodwa, namawa umhlaba ingaba umxholo phantsi oxides yentsimbi (feo), yaye oku kukhokhelela ekufuneni kwinkolelo yokuba oko kwasekwa kwemiqathango kakhulu ekwehliseni (okt. E. Ukungabikho oksijini) kunezinye amalungu kukodwa.

Iingxaki uphando ekude

Kunzima kakhulu ukuba amisele ukwakhiwa umhlaba ngu isekude spectrum kwelanga kunye radiation nobushushu, nto leyo ibonisa kumphezulu phephandaba. Planet kakhulu shushu, odlulisela iimpawu woqondo ye amasuntswana izimbiwa kunye nzima ukutolikwa ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, i "Mthunywa" iye ifakwe zomculo, ebengekho kwibhodi "Mariner-10", walinganisa umchiza nezimbiwa nokwakheka ngqo. Ezi zixhobo kuthatha ixesha elide lokuqaphela, ngoxa inqanawa sahlala kufuphi Mercury, ngoko iziphumo ezithile emva kokuba kwindoda ezintathu zokuqala mfutshane wayengekho. Kuphela ngexesha mission Orbital "Mthunywa" waba ulwazi olutsha ngokwaneleyo malunga nokwakhiwa komhlaba-langa.