Ziziphi izinto zokuzivelisa izinto eziphilayo? Izindlela zokuvelisa izinto eziphilayo

Ukukwazi kwanoma yimuphi umhlobo ophilayo ukwenza i-self ubizwa ngokuba yi-self-reproduction. Ingcamango yale nkqubo kwinqanaba lamaselula lakhiwa kwii-biologists kuphela phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX.

Isidingo sokuzivelisa

Ubuchule bezinto eziphilayo ukuzenza ngokwabo kuthiwa ukuzaliswa, okanye ukuveliswa. Ngoncedo lwazo iintlobo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba ufumanise ukuba yintoni ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo, kufuneka uqonde ukuba le nto ibalulekileyo. Ibonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neefom eziqinisekisa ukuba kunokuveliswa.

Kubalulekile ukuvelisa ngokwabo ukwenzela ukuba iintlobo ziqhubeke zikhona, ekubeni ubude bomzimba ngamnye bunzima. Ukuzaliswa kungahlawulela inkqubo yendalo yokufa kwabantu abaphilayo. Kwixesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iindlela zokuvelisa ziye zatshintsha. Ngoko ke, ngoku kukho iindlela ezininzi malunga nendlela ukuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziqhutyelwa ngayo.

Izixhobo zeselula

Amandla abantu abahlukeneyo ukudala uhlobo lwabo lusekelwe kwiipropati ezikhethekileyo ze-nucleic acids. Ziyakwazi ukuzihlaziya. Kwakhona kubalulekile yinto ye-DNA yokuqala. Esi sisiseko sokwenziwa kwamaprotheni amasha kunye nama-molecule e-nucleic acid. Yona inhlanganisela ekhethekileyo ecacisa inkcazo yezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo.

Kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakunokwenzeka ukufumanisa oko kukuzivelisa izinto eziphilayo kunye nokuqonda indlela i-mitosis yamaseli eyenzeka ngayo. Ngokuncedwa ngama-microscopes, kwafunyanwa ukuba ukwahlukana kwabo kulandelwa ukuhlukana kwama-chromosomes. Bona, ngokwazo, bahluke ngokulinganayo phakathi kweeseli ezisanda kubunjwa. Ama-Chromosomes amaseli omama kunye nentombi afana nesakhiwo.

Ulwahlulo lwamaseli luyisiseko sokuphuhliswa kwazo zonke izilwanyana ezininzi kunye nokuzivelisa. Yilokho ebonisa ukuba khona kwe-biosphere kunye ne-biogeocenosis.

Iintlobo zokuvelisa

Izazi ze-Biologists zihlukanisa iindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokuvelisa izinto eziphilayo. Ukuzaliswa kungabelana ngesondo okanye i-asexual. Kwimeko yokuqala kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa iiseli ezizodwa - iigetet, eziqukethe isethi enye yama-chromosomes. Isiphumo sale nkqubo sinokukhulelwa. Ifomu yesibini yokuvelisa ayinanto enxulumene nenkqubo yesondo kunye nokutshintshiselwa kolwazi lwezofuzo.

Kwimizimba emininzi nganye, iiseli zizala. Bahlula, benza uhlobo lwabo. Ikhono lokuzivelisa i-centrioles, i-mitochondria kunye ne-plastids.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuyimfuneko ukuthetha ukuba kukho iindlela zokuvelisa izinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kweeseli. Kodwa olu buchule lugcinwe kuphela yiintsholongwane. Zinezinto eziphathekayo zofuzo, kodwa azinayo isakhiwo seselula. Ukuqulunqwa kwezilwanyana ezinjalo zidinga ikosi. Abayandiseli kwingqiqo yeklasi yale nkqubo. Iintsholongwane zizala izityalo ezihlukeneyo, kwaye zivela kwii-virions ezintsha.

Iintlobo zokuzaliswa koBuntu

Kwimvelo, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukuziphindaphinda ngokwahlula. Le yindlela enye elula yokudala inzala. Isizukulwana ngasinye esilandelayo sidalwa kwiiseli ze-somatic. Kwinkqubo yokwahlula, abantu abadalwayo ikopi echanekileyo yenyama yomama.

Kodwa kukho ezinye iintlobo zokuzaliswa kwe-asexual. Omnye wabo udlala. Le ndlela isebenzisa ezinye iibhaktheriya, isikhunta, i-algae. Iingxabano kwiimeko ezininzi zenziwe ngamatosis.

Iifomo zisebenzisa indlela eyahlukileyo yokuvelisa abantu abafanayo. Bayakwazi ukwanda ngokuhlukana. Umzimba wabo unokwahlula kwiindawo eziliqela, ngamnye wabo uya kukhula i-organism epheleleyo eyofana nomzali.

Kukho kwakhona ukuveliswa kwezityalo ezixhamlayo. Umntu omtsha uvela kwiindawo ezininzi zezilwanyana zomzimba.

Iimpawu zokuvelisa izityalo

Le ndlela ibonakaliswe yinyaniso yokuba umzimba oqaqambileyo uhlukanisa inxalenye yayo. Kwaye sele sele sele idala umntu omdala. Ngokuqhelekileyo iindlela zokuzaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zifumaneka kwizityalo. Kodwa ezinye izilwanyana nazo ziyisebenzisa, umzekelo, i-echinoderms, i-hydroids, iiforms. Kule ndlela yokuzivelisa inokuthi ibangelwa ukusabalalisa ngokucoca, amahlumela, ama-bulbs, nezilimo eziyizigaxa.

Ngexesha lokuhamba, inkqubo yokwahlukana kwe-mitotic yenucleus yenzeke. Ngelo xesha, iseli selunina liyaqhamuka. Enye yezinto ezihambayo zihamba kule ndawo. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba inkqubo yokuqulunqwa igqityiwe, isiqwenga esidalwe sihluma. Le yenye yeentlobo zokuvelisa izityalo. Ukuzivelisa okunjalo kwezinto eziphilayo ziphawu lwesibungela esincinane, umzekelo, imvubelo okanye ezinye izinto eziphilayo, umzekelo, kwi-hydra multicellular.

Ukuzalana ngesondo

Inkqubo eqhubela phambili kukuveliswa kwezinto ezifanayo usebenzisa i-gametes. Ukuveliswa kwezilwanyana zezilwanyana kubonakala kwiintlobo zeeyodarbhathi ezininzi.

Kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelo wobomi bomzimba, inkqubo ye-meiosis iqala. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli zegciwane zenziwe. Ngethuba lokuzaliswa, inkqubo ye-fusion ye-fusion iyenzeka, nganye equkethe isethi enye yama-chromosomes. Kwiziko elitsha elifundisiweyo, liphindwe kabini.

Ukwazi indlela yokudala abantu abatsha kubakho, umntu unokuqonda ukuba yiyiphi indlela yokuzivelisa izinto eziphilayo. Ngeendlela zesondo zokuvelisa, kuya kuba nako ukudibanisa izinto eziphathekayo zofuzo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwenzalo, enokukwazi ukuvumelanisa neemeko eziguqukayo.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba i-parthenogenesis yenye yeendlela zokuzaliswa ngokwesondo. Kodwa ngale ndlela yokudibanisa, i-gametes ayikho. Umzimba omtsha ukhula nje kwisini lesini. Indlela enjalo yokuvelisa abantu abanjalo injalo kwezinye izidumbu (i-aphids, iikiti, iintlobo ezithile zeentambo, izintuthwane), iincinci zincinci (i-daphnia), iindidi ezingama-70 zezilwanyana (izilwanyana zamadwala, izitha ze-Komodo).

Iimpawu zokuvelisa ngesondo

Uhlobo oluqhubekayo lokuzivelisa ngokwabo lubonisa ukuba luquka ukuhlanganiswa kweeseli ezimbini zesini - isetyhini kunye nendoda. Izinto eziphathekayo zobazali abadibeneyo zidibeneyo. Ngomntu obangelwayo, iipropati zinokudibaniswa, izinto ezintsha ezakhiweyo ezazingekho kubandulela.

Ulwazi malunga nalokhu lunikeza ithuba lokuqonda oko kukuzivelisa kwezityalo eziphilayo, nokuba ungadlula njani. Inkqubo yokudibanisa i-gametes ibizwa ngokuba ngumgquba. Kwizinto eziphilayo, zingabangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi. Iintlobo zokuqala ziphawu lwabantu abahlala kwimeko yendalo yamanzi - iintlanzi, ama-amphibians. Kwizilwanyana ezininzi, ukuchumisa kudlula ngaphakathi komzimba kamama. Kwizityalo, le nkqubo inokwenzeka kwilungu elenziwe ngokukodwa.

Ukuchumisa kwangaphakathi kwenza kube lula ukuba izinto eziphilayo zikwazi ukuhlala kwinani elikhulu leezinto eziphilayo, zisasazeka ngokubanzi kwiMhlaba. Xa kudala abantu abatsha, izinto eziphathekayo zihlaziywa, inzala iphuculwe. Ziyakwazi ukulungelelanisa bhetele kwiimeko eziguqukayo.