Uphi iMlambo iLena River ebalazweni? ILena River kwimaphu yaseRashiya. Uphi umlambo iLena River uhamba?

Umlambo waseLena (kwimaphu yaseRashiya into ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kwimvelaphi yabanye) iyona nto inkulu kwiSiberia yaseMpuma. Ukongezelela, kuyishumi kwisibalo semifula ende kunazo zonke kwihlabathi. Uphi iMlambo iLena River ebalazweni? Yiziphi iindawo ezihamba ngayo? Ziziphi iindawo ezikuyo? Nguwuphi kubo owona mkhulu kunabo bonke? Ezi zinto nezinye ezininzi ziya kuxutyushwa kamva kwinqaku.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ummandla apho iMlambo iLena River ifumaneka kwimimandla emininzi yeRussian Federation. Ngokukodwa, iqhubeka kunye neendawo zase-Irkutsk, Amur, iKhabarovsk, iKrasnoyarsk kunye neZabaikalsk, kunye naseBuryatia naseYakutia. ILena River, umfanekiso onokubonwa ngasentla, ngowona mkhulu kwiRussian Federation. Isitya sawo siphezu kweli lizwe. Iliphi igama lomlambo lavela phi? Kukholelwa ukuba iingcambu zaso ziya kulwimi lwe-Evenki, oluyinxalenye yeqela leTungus-Manchu. Umveleli wayengumhloli wamaPianda. Umlomo womlambo Lena, wabiza ngokuthi "uElune". Emva koko, igama laguqulwa kwaye lithathwa njengefomu yanamhlanje.

Geography

ILena River kwimaphu yaseRashiya ibheka enkulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto. Ubude balo bu malunga ne-4400 km. Idama linendawo yee-square ezingama-2490 zeekhilomitha. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yangoku, amacandelo amathathu ayahlukana. Iyokuqala ibandakanya umthombo weLena River (ebalazweni ubonakala ngokucacileyo) de ukuqala kweVitim. Ukususela ekupheleni kwayo ukuya kwindawo yokujoyina i-Aldan - indawo yesibini. Icandelo elincinane, okwesithathu, lisuka ku-Aldan ukuya kwindawo apho iLena River ihamba khona (le yiLwandle laseLaptev).

Yangoku

Ummandla apho iMlambo iLena River ekhoyo kwimephu iquka izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zendawo ezihambelana ngqo nommandla wamanzi. Ngokukodwa, umlambo uqala ukusuka echibini elisecaleni kweLake Baikal (iikhilomitha ezisixhenxe). Itholakala kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-1470 m. Ngo-1997, ngo-Agasti 19, apho umlambo Lena uvela khona, kwakhiwa isahlulo. Icandelo lonke elingaphezulu, okokuthi, inxalenye yesithathu yobudaka obude kummandla weentaba waseBaikal. Kwindawo yaseKirensk, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ku- 1100 cubic metres. M / sec.

Umyinge wamanje

Kule nxalenye yomlambo ilula phakathi kweVitim neAldan. Ubude bayo malunga neekhilomitha ezili-1415. Hayi kude ne-Vitima, uLela uyadlula waya kwintsimi yaseYakutia. Kule ndawo kude kube sekupheleni kwayo. Ngokubamba iVitim, umlambo Lena (ebalazweni laseRashiya le ndawo ibonakala ngokucacileyo) uba ngumlambo ophezulu wamanzi. Ubunzulu beli sayithi bunyuke ukuya kwiimitha ezili-10-12, iteksi iya kubanzi, kuneziqithi ezininzi. Intlambo yomlambo ifikelela kwiikhilomitha ezili-20 ukuya ku-30. Kulo mqathango apha: umthamo ochanekileyo uphezulu kwaye uphezulu. Imelelwe ngumda wasentla wePatom Upland. Ikhohlo lithe cwaka. Kwiindawo zomnatha zombini kukho ihlathi elininzi elinama-coniferous, kwezinye iindawo zithatha indawo yendawo. Kwi-stretch ukusuka e-Olekma ukuya e- Aldan, iLena River ayinayo i-tributaries ebalulekileyo. Ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingamakhulu amahlanu, ukugqithisa i-Prilenskoe plateau, umlambo udlula ngaphantsi kwintlambo encinci kwaye inzulu, ehlanganiswe kwi-limestone. Incinci engaphantsi komzi wePokrovsk umlambo uya kwiindawo eziphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, intlambo ikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukujikeleza kwevolcity kunciphisa kakhulu. Akudluli kwiimitha ezili-1,3 ngesibini (kwininzi - 0.5-0.7 m / sec.). Kwi-floodplain, ububanzi, nangona kunjalo, kufinyelela ku-5-7, nakwezinye iindawo - iikhilomitha ezili-15, kunye nentlambo yonke-eyi-20 km kunye nobubanzi.

Yangoku

Incinci engaphantsi kweYakutsk ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ezihamba emfuleni - iVilyui neAldan. Ukususela kweli nqanaba, umlambo uba mkhulu kakhulu. Kwanesayithi apho ishini esinye kuphela, ububanzi bufikelela kwiikhilomitha ezili-10, kwaye ubunzulu bunamitha angama-16-20. Kwisiqithi, uLena usebhotile kwi-20-30 km. Kukho iindawo ezimbalwa zokuhlala - unxweme luphantse luyeke. Ufikelelo oluphantsi lubonakaliswe ngotyiwa elincinci. Ukusuka kwicala elingasempuma, amasebe e-Verkhoyansk Range - umsele we-Yana noLena-weza. Ngecala lasentshonalanga kukho ukuphakama okungabalulekanga kwi- plateau yaseSiberia. Bahlanganyela u-Olenek noLena. Umncinci omncinci. Ukuqhuma kwe-Bulun kuxinyiwe ngokusondele kakhulu kumagquma: ukusuka empuma - iKhaulaulakh, ukusuka entshonalanga - eKhakanovsky. Phantse iikhilomitha ezili-150 ukusuka eLwandle lwaseLaptev ludlulisela i-delta enkulu eLena River.

Hydrology

Idata ngokusetyenziswa kwamanzi emlonyeni weLena iphikisana ngokuhambelana nemithombo eyahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo nakuyo enye inokudibana nokungahambelani. Ukungaqiniseki kukwenyuka ngenxa yokuba umlambo unendawo ephezulu yonxweme kunye neendlela ezininzi. Lo mmandla unendawo yendawo yamanzi, indawo apho kukho iikhilomitha ezili-60 zeemitha. Km. Ngokweziqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, ukuhamba kwamanzi ngonyaka kuluhlu ukusuka kuma-489 ukuya kuma-542 square metres. Km. Oku kuhambelana nomyinge wokuhamba kweminyaka ekupheleni kokuhamba, okulingana ne-15 500-17 175 m3 / yesibini.

Njengokutya okuphambili kwesi siza, njengokuba, ngokwenene, uninzi lwezinto ezixhamlayo, imvula kunye namanzi aqhotyoshelweyo. Ukunikezelwa kwezibonelelo zomhlaba kuphazamiswa ukusasazeka kwe-permafrost ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuloba. Okukuphela kwezinto ezivela kwimithombo yendalo.

Utshintsho lwangonyaka kwizinga lamanzi kunye nokuhamba

Umlambo ubonakaliswa ngamanzi amaninzi ephakamileyo ehlobo, amanzi aphezulu asempumalanga, kunye namanzi aphantsi aphantsi kwindla-ebusika (ukuya kuma-366 m3 / s). Zonke izikhombisi zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi zixhomekeka kwimodi jikelele yemphala. Ngethuba lokukhukhula kwentwasahlobo ngoJuni, ukuya ku-40% wamanzi amanzi, ukusuka ngoJuni ukuya ku-Oktobha-91%. Emlonyeni, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amakhulu kunyanzeliswa rhoqo ngenyanga ngo-1989. Emva koko ngoJuni kwakuyi-104,000 m3 / yesibini. Ngethuba lokhukula ekupheleni komlambo, i-runoff ephezulu ingadlula i-200,000 m3 / s.

Regulations

Umlambo uphelele kakhulu kwingingqi eneemeko ezinzulu zezulu. Ikhoyo ngoku ihluke kwabanye ngeemvula zayo ezinamandla zeqhwa kunye nolawulo lweqhwa elipheleleyo. Ubusika bubanda kakhulu, ngeqhwa elincinane kwaye lide. Iqhwa phantsi kwezi meko ibunzima kwaye inamandla. Ngentwasahlobo i-ice drift ibonakala ngamandla amakhulu. Ukudibanisa kweebhloko ezinqabileyo kunye nokukhukula kwemimandla emikhulu ziqhelaniswe rhoqo ngeLela. Umkhukula wezentlambo ngowona wokuqala (emva kokuphela kuka-Apreli) ugubha kwiindawo zaseKirensk-kwindawo ephezulu. Ukuhamba ngokuthe ngenyakatho ngasentla, umlambo ufikile usanqabile emlanjeni. Ukufikelela ekuhlaleni okuphantsi kwe-spill kuza malunga no-Juni. Ngeli thuba, amanzi aphakama ngaphezu kwezinga eliphantsi ngeemitha eziyi-6-8, kwaye ekufikeleleni kwezantsi, ukuphakama kunokufikelela kwi-18 m.

Iintlanzi

Ummandla apho iMlambo iLena River ifumaneka kumanzi amaninzi. Bawela emlanjeni. Phakathi kwezinto ezifunekayo kufuneka zinikwe i-Tea, Big Pat, Kutu, Vitim, Vilyui, Olekma, Aldan, Molodo, Cheju, Kirengu, Lunghu, Biryuk. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezininzi ezinkulu. Enye injalo, umzekelo, uAldan. Umlinganiselo wokugeleza emlonyeni wayo ngu-5 060 m3 / s, kwaye indawo yomgcini i-729,000 sq. Km. Ezi zine ezinezixhobo eziphambili - iVitim, iAldan, i-Olekma neViluy - zichaneke ngokucacileyo ngobukhulu babo phakathi kwabanye.

Ukuthumela

I-Lena River kwimaphu yaseRashiya ijikelezwe kwezinye iindawo ngezinto ezintle. Phakathi kwazo kukho indawo yokuhlala ngokubaluleka okukhethekileyo. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ukuba umlambo kuze kube yimini ngumthamo omkhulu we-Yakutsk. Umzila wezothutho udibanisa imimandla yesifundo kunye neminye imimandla ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kweLena, ubuninzi be-"supply north" lwenziwa. Kukholelwa ukuba i-quay yeKachug-ukuqala kokuhamba. Nangona kunjalo, iinqanawa ezincinci kuphela ziphuma echwebeni le-Osetrovo ephezulu. Ngaphantsi kwe-Ust-Kut kunye ne-confluence ye-Vitim, kukho iinxalenye ezininzi ezinzima zokuhamba kunye neendawo ezincinci. Ukuphucula uthungelwano lwezothutho kule ndawo, umsebenzi wenziwa unyaka wonke, uncedisa ekuqiniseni kwezantsi. Ukuhamba kuqhutyelwa kwiintsuku eziyi-125 ukuya kwi-170.

Zo kuhlala

Kufuneka kuthathelwe ukuba indawo apho umlambo ugeleza ungabikho. Nazi izixeko ezithandathu. Iyona nto inkulu ngokuqinisekileyo iYakutsk, nangona abantu bayo bangaphezu kwamawaka angama-300 abantu. Umzi wasungulwa ngomnyaka we-1632.

Umzi omdala kunaLena nguKirensk. Yasekwa ngo-1630. Umgama phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala ngokubanzi (ngaphandle kwintsimi kufuphi naseYakutsk, apho kukho ubungakanani bemihlali eninzi) inokufikelela kumawaka angamakhulu amakhilomitha. Ngexesha elifanayo, kukho isiteksi esisithulu kwiindawo. Ngokuqhelekileyo unokufumana iidolophana kunye nemizana elahliwe. Ngexesha elikho kukho iinkampu zokutshintshwa kwexeshana. Phakathi kweendawo zembali kufuneka kuqatshelwe iZhigansk. Yayisekwa ngo-1632, kwaye ukususela ngo-1783 ukuya ku-1805 yayinobume beedolophu yaseburhulumenteni.

Enye indawo yembali yiSottintsy. Nantsi iMinin Museum-Reserve History and Architecture "Friendship". I-Sottintsy - indawo yesiseko sokuqala saseYakutsk.

Kubaluleke koqoqosho

ILena River ithathwa njengenye yezona zicocekileyo kwihlabathi. Umlambo apha awuzange utshintshe ngumntu. Okwangoku, emlanjeni akukho namadamesi, izitishi zamanzi kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Kwiindawo ezingahlali ngumntu, unako ukusela amanzi ngokuthe ngqo kumlambo. Ngenxa yokuba akukho zindawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane nomlambo, umsebenzi wezoqoqosho awunzima kakhulu. Iinqununu ezinkulu kunazo zizixeko ezifana neYakutsk, iLensk, iKirensk, i-Osetrovo.

Ecology

Njengoko kubonakaliswe iziphumo zophando zenzululwazi ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo (iYunivesithi yaseAlaska, iZiko likaZwelonke loPhando lweFransi, i-Institute of RAS), ukufudumala kwehlabathi kungathintela kakubi imeko yokuhamba. Ubushushu ekupheleni, apho umlambo ugeleza, uwela kuma-degrees angama-70 ebusika. Ngaloo xesha, i-permafrost ilele ububanzi beekhilomitha enye neekhilomitha. Njengoko izazinzulu zisekile, ukushisa kwemoya ehamba phambili kwiminyaka emashumi mane edlulileyo kuye kwaphakama ngamazinga amane. Kwaye ngaphandle kwalokhu, izikhukula ezinamandla ngokwaneleyo zifumana amandla unyaka unyaka. Oku kunempembelelo ephazamisayo kwimeko yonxweme. Ukongezelela, kukho ukunyakaza okusebenzayo kweziqithi ezantsi. Ngo-2009, isantya esihla ngayo siye safikelela kwimitha engamashumi amabini anesibhozo ngonyaka.