Ziziphi iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17? Foreign kunye yasekhaya urhwebo eRashiya

Ingakumbi urhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17 baye baba zinto ezingundoqo kuphuhliso lwe iindidi ezintsha lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Inkqubo unokwakhela endala kuxhaphaka ngoku ugugile, ukuba indawo yi imveliso abasakhasayo. Ziziphi iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17 njengokuba ubuhlobo ezintsha uhlobo eRashiya nakumazwe aphesheya - jonga ngezantsi.

izinto ezintsha obuciko

Malunga ke, yintoni iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17, ibe kalukhuni kugwetywa imigaqo yophuhliso wobudlelwane kwimveliso. Okokuqala zophuhliso unokwakhela kwenzeka kwisakhelo noqoqosho subsistence - bathi akunakwenzeka ukunika isixa esikhulu iimveliso zayo - ezahlukeneyo izinto ezenziwe uku-oda. Ukwandiswa kobudlelwane zorhwebo wenza ukuhlanganiswa kunokwenzeka yemveliso - ngoku yomsebenzi wezandla akwazi ukwenza impahla "kwixesha elizayo", esekelwe umthengi elizayo. Kukho izifundo bezandla - ezinye iingingqi mazwe Russian ke abenzi eziphambili kwempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, Belozerye idume neenkamba zayo, Nizhny Novgorod neengcibi wenza izitshixo eyomeleleyo, yaye Vologda craftswoman baluka kwentambo emangalisayo. Ngoko ke dibanisa amaziko zemimandla ukulungiselela zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo.

Le mveliso lokuqala

Ukuba ishishini ukukhanya yayisekelwe kumsebenzi ngamnye, ukwenzela uphuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, imveliso imigodi kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo uncedo kurhulumente. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto kakhulu kufutshane kwisixeko Moscow - Tula, Kashira, Serpukhov - abe ngamaziko kakhulu yokuqala yokunyibilikisa isinyithi Russian. Ngensimbi, njengoko ishishini uninzi ethatha ixesha elide, kufuneka eqela labasebenzi ebalulekileyo - ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukuba lisebenzise abasebenzi eqeshiweyo. I manufactory yokuqala tyenziselwa baqesha yabasebenzi, waba Cannon iyadi, apho kwavela ngenkulungwane ye-15. Bonke kwinkulungwane ye-17 lwenziwa mveliso ezahlukeneyo malunga namashumi amathathu. Ngokuba lixesha kuqala ababekwe mveliso - Sveteshnikovy, Demidov, Stroganoff kunye nabanye.

Development yorhwebo yasekhaya

Ziziphi iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya? Ilizwe kuxhaphaka ukoyisa lilolo aze azuze ukufikelela kwiimarike yaseYurophu. Ndaqalisa ukwenza kwiimalike zikazwelonke ezintsha kunye namaziko zabo lorhwebo. A indima ephambili idlalwa ezinkulu ubambisene - Arkhangelsk, Irbit, Nizhny Novgorod. Kwakukho ke abathengi kuqala - Wholesalers, iimpahla ezithengiweyo kukuninzi ungathengisi ngayo phezu lokushiywa. Gcobisa korobeynichestvo - akuba nathengwa mboniso imixwayo, izikhafu, bamanqatha, imifanekiso broadside kunye abathubelezisa izacholo elula bahamba ngemizi, nemizana ngemizana, ukuthengisa impahla yabo kubahlali balapha. Ukuvela mveliso, urhwebo lweewholesale kunye nophuhliso uthungelwano ngeendibano - ezi theses eziphambili, leyo anike ingcamango yintoni na iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwi kurhwebo Russian zasekhaya.

umthetho amasiko

Ekuqaleni imirhumo kwinkulungwane yasekhaya zorhwebo kuphazanyiswa ezininzi amasiko ekungenwe ngexesha eqhekekileyo. iirikhwizishini amaninzi kakhulu kwaqhwalelisa ukukhuthazwa imveliso kwi kwimarike, okwenza urhwebo umthambo lutho yaye zibiza imali eninzi. Kodwa Customs umthetho yakhutshwa 1653, nto leyo nya le iirhafu mezhduuezdnye, laqalisa imithetho eqhelekileyo emsebenzini amasiko. Ngoko ke, lo gunya azama ukuvuselela urhwebo ngaphakathi elizweni.

namanye amazwe

Ziziphi iimpawu zorhwebo amazwe ngenkulungwane ye-17? Abarhwebi Russian, hayi kuphela inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni urhwebo ekhaya, kodwa sele ukufikelela kwiimarike zamazwe kumantla aseYurophu. Ngelishwa, ukufikelela kuLwandle eBaltic ice-free ngelo xesha ayifumaneki. Abarhwebi kwafuneka ukusebenzisa ngaphezu kwiinyanga zasehlotyeni yeNavigeyishini ukufumana apho ukusuka kumazibuko elingasemntla eSweden, eNgilani, Denmark. Rhweba ngaphakathi no Rhweba amacandelo namanye amazwe kweli xesha zahlala zilolo hlobo zazilulo kuthelekiswa kunye zeminyaka edlulileyo, ngoko kwimeko yorhwebo langaphandle kunzima ukutsho oko aba iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17. Njengesiqhelo, izinto eziphambili kumazwe baba ingqolowa, oboya, neflakisi, hemp, tallow, isikhumba. impahla Russia amazwe obutofotofo, ilaphu, izixhobo mveliso, iti, ikofu kunye nobulawu.

Anti-inkunkuma

Kodwa ngenxa neemanyano zabasebenzi ukuya kwii-abarhwebi basemzini kwimarike Russian iye yaba zizinto eziqhelekileyo. Babedla baphazamise ixabiso abarhwebi Russian. izikhalazo ezininzi yabarhwebi Russian esazivayo, waza wavunywa ngo 1667. Imigaqo New Trade, apho abarhwebi amazwe ayengasekho amalungelo kunye neenkululeko inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya Russian. Abafiki baziphathe kuphela lokushiywa oonovenkile kunye ezinkulu - urhwebo yayikukuba phantsi kokuvalwa umlomo. Faka imisebenzi ekhethekileyo impahla evela kwamanye amazwe, ngenxa apho iindleko impahla basekhaya engenisiwe phantse ngokulinganayo. Ukongeza, imisebenzi emitsha bezele ngempumelelo ebutyebini bokumkani.

Ukushwankathela, sinokuthi, yintoni iimpawu zorhwebo ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ngokufutshane, ukuba azezi ukuvela ubudlelwane ezintsha zorhwebo, lula imithetho yorhwebo, uphuhliso imarike lwangaphakathi, amalinge kuqala ukuze kukhuselwe abavelisi basekhaya kunye nabameli kwiklasi yomrhwebi sokuphamazisa amazwe. A iindleko imbuyekezo impahla Russian angaphandle ngokuthi kwaziswe irhafu ezikhethekileyo bawubona kuphuhliso lwamashisini yasekhaya.