Iikhompawundi metal kwealkali ukusebenzisa kwabo

Ukusuka yonke le nkqubo ngamaxesha eziqalelo na iqela elikhulu zesinyithi. Kwealkali, awana umhlaba, amphoteric, zezomzuzwana, radioactive - eninzi kubo. Zonke iintsimbi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphela kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu eziphilayo, kodwa mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Hayi ilize ngenkulungwane XX kuye ngokuba "yentsimbi '.

Metals: iimpawu ngokubanzi

Zonke iintsimbi kuhlanganiswa yi chemical kunye emzimbeni iimpawu eziqhelekileyo, ngalo zinokuba ahluka ngokulula ukusuka ngezinto non-zalo. Umzekelo, ubume Ilibele yikristale ivumela ukuba ube:

• abaqhubi kagesi;
• abaqhubi ubushushu elungileyo;
• oluthambileyo kunye ductile;
• ixesha elide yaye shiny.

Kakade ke, kukho umahluko phakathi kwabo. Ezinye iintsimbi kukhanye umbala yesilivere, abanye - ngakumbi matte ezimhlophe, kunye nabanye - zonke ebomvu kunye ebengezelayo. Kwakhona, kukho umahluko ngokwemiqathango conductivity thermal kunye zombane. Kodwa kunjalo, ezi parameters - ziqhelekile zonke ngesinyithi, ngoxa non-iintsimbi umahluko ngaphezu ezifanayo.

Ngokutsho nakuhlobo lwemichiza lwezinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi - ekunciphiseni arhente. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko basabela kunye nezinto ezithile nako ukwenza arhente nje oxidizing, kodwa kunqabile. izinto ezininzi ekwaziyo zokubumba. Imichiza zesinyithi zenzeka ngokwemvelo ubuninzi enkulu kakhulu ukwakhiwa ore okanye izimbiwa, izimbiwa kunye nezinye iintlobo. The degree of igcwala zesinyithi usoloko eyakhayo, kusenokuba rhoqo (aluminiyam, isodiyam calcium) okanye umahluko (chromium, intsimbi, ubhedu, manganese).

Abaninzi kubo Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngezinto zokwakha kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi neteknoloji.

zithako metal Chemical

Phakathi ezo kuchazwe iiklasi ezininzi eziphambili izinto ezo eziveliswa intsebenziswano zesinyithi kunye nezinye izinto kunye nemixube.

1. Oxides, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphide kunye nabanye - khompawundi lokubini ne non-isinyithi, kaninzi kuba iklasi ka-neetyuwa (ngaphandle oxides).
2. Hydroxides - formula jikelele Me ^{+ x} (OH) _x.
3. YeTyuwa. Metal iikhompawundi kunye iintsalela emuncu. Inokubanomahluko:

• aphakathi;
• omuncu;
• neyokuhomba;
• esisiseko;
• ezintsonkothileyo.

4. Ezi zinto yentsimbi zizinto eziphilayo - isakhiwo organometallic.

5. iikhompawundi omnye komnye metal - aluminium ezo sifumaneka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Embodiments zithako metal

Substances apho iintsimbi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kuba zombini ngakumbi, yahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• aluminiyamu;
• iityuwa kabini;
• iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo;
• iikhompawundi intermetallic.

Ndlela metal kumane kunye nazo azifani. Umzekelo, ukuba ukusebenzisa aluminium linabantu indlela ukuxuba ukuqinisa imveliso leyo.

Intermetallics benziwa ngenxa ngayo ngqo yamachiza phakathi zesinyithi, ngokufuthi zisenzeka kunye dubulo (ezifana zinc kunye nickel). Kuba ezi nkqubo kufuneka iimeko ezizodwa: iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, uxinzelelo, lwepolitiki, yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini kunye nabanye.

neetyuwa kabini kunye nemixube ezinzima ukuze kwakheke xa ekufunxeni izisombululo lwezinto ukuqala, kwakunye nokumanyana kwabo.

Manufacturing metal kukwaquka unxulumano phakathi kwabo. Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa iindlela ezifana:

• welding (gas, zombane, njalo-njalo);
• brazing iintlobo ezahlukeneyo solders;
• intambo;
• riveting.

Imeko ephambili - kukudala imveliso ukuba zimelane umhlwa yaye apho kuya kubakho beentanda kunye ubumdaka, iintanda.

iikhompawundi metal kwealkali ukusebenzisa kwabo

Wabiza izinto kwealkali kwi iqelana lokuqala iqela ongundoqo nkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Kukho 6 kuphela yaye sivulelekile ukuba phantse bonke ngexesha elinye ixesha lokuphumla encinane. Xa uhlobo kwezinto ezilula kwindalo ezi zinto musa zenzeke.

Ngenxa reactivity eliphezulu basebenze nzima kakhulu kwaye iyingozi kubo. Ngoko ke kwafuneka asebenze nzima ukuze mabeme phandle ngendlela esulungekileyo. Kudala phambi kokuba abantu baqala ukusebenzisa imichiza ezahlukeneyo metal kwealkali. Ezinye zazo ziye zaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo andilahlekwanga ukubaluleka nokufaneleka namhlanje. Zisetyenziswa kubunjineli, ukwakha, amayeza, icandelo lokutya, ishishini lwekhemikhali, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ngezobunjineli, ezolimo, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi kuqoqosho. Ezona sihlolisise.

Iintlobo iikhompawundi zesinyithi kwealkali kunye nezinye iintsimbi kuba kumaqela:

• iikhompawundi intermetallic;
• iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo;
• iityuwa kabini.

oxides

Kuzo zonke iintsimbi kwealkali kwi yokutsha eqhelekileyo ioksijini ukuba ukunika oxide ekwaziyo Lithium yedwa. Lo mboniso Umsebenzi ngokugqithiseleyo eseleyo, ngoko benza peroxides Me ₂ O _2. Kwezi peroxides kuqala oxide wesinyithi elula zingafumaneka fom khompawundi eziqhelekileyo Me ₂ O. Ioksijini zesinyithi kwealkali kufuneka imibala eyahlukileyo.

1. Oxide of lithium, potassium kesodiyam - powder crystalline ezimhlophe.
2. Rubidium - yellow imibala oxide.
3. Atom - orange.

Eyona intsimi lwesicelo - kushishino imichiza. oxides metal kwealkali basabela namanzi ukwenza compound ebalulekileyo - kwealkali. Lo mhlaba ngenxa igama eli qela lweziqalelo. Zithako of kwealkali - oxides metal - nje inxalenye ubunzima izinto zizonke ezibalulekileyo kwaye ebalulekileyo, eziqulathe ezi zinto.

Hayidroksayidi (kwealkali)

Le iikhompawundi zesinyithi kwealkali gidroksogrupp ebizwa kwealkali okanye hydroxides. Bonke bephela - into abuhlungu kakhulu enokuthi ngokulula ukutshabalalisa phantse nasiphi na isixhobo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi izicwili zezilwanyana. Ngoko ukusebenza alkalis kufuneka silumke kakhulu, ukutsha yemichiza ngokunzulu kwenzeke kwindawo udibana nesikhumba.

Elaziwa phakathi kwento kwealkali na icaustic, okanye sodium hayidroksayidi. Le compound kuye kwaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, apho licatshulwa uthuthu yezityalo kunye kusetyenziswa ekwenzeni isepha kunye nokuhlamba iimpahla. formula Chemical - NaOH. Namhlanje soda abuhlungu uvelisa imali enkulu kwilizwe ngalinye, ekubeni ngaphandle inxaxheba yayo ayenzi phantse akukho namnye isebe kwimveliso. Oku kusetyenziswa:

• kwishishini le- petroleum;
• kwi okuthambisa iziqholo;
• yokuqaphela chemical;
• ekuveliseni iisepha kunye arhente zokucoca, abrasives;
• kumashishini isikhumba textile kunye nezinye iinkalo.

Ezinye isinyithi ezivela kwiqela fomu obrak ayibalulekanga yaye eqhelekileyo kwealkali. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ebalulekileyo kuphela hayidroksayidi potassium - Koh, indawo eyaziwa ngokuba kwipotasi abuhlungu.

iityuwa

iikhompawundi ezinjalo isinyithi kwealkali, njengoko ityuwa ezi zihlanganisi kuphela phantse ibango, kodwa khona umzimba eziphilileyo, ukugcina amandla yazo eqhelekileyo,.

Ityuwa ibalulekileyo, Kakade ke, sodium chloride. Le eqhelekileyo netyuwa itafile, leyo ekhoyo kwikhaya yonke yaye loo nto baqhoboshele ukubaluleka ethile ngenxa yokwanda kakhulu. Noko ke, ukuba simele sicinge ukuba ngequbuliso shwaka, bambalwa abantu kuba imiphumo ndiyithandile. Ukutya ezingenatyuwa ube nzima, ngaphandle yenza umonakalo noqhekeko, ekubeni umzimba akanakungena ion sodium ezifunekayo iimpahla intliziyo negazi.

Kwakhona kubalulekile iikhompawundi metal kwealkali - i carbonate. Ingakumbi carbonate kesodiyam yesoda, ekuthiwa ukubizwa soda eqhelekileyo. Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni iglasi, Manufacturing amabala. Soda bangaqhubeka ukucoca izitya. Kuye iipropati elungileyo magciwane, magciwane, ukucoca kunye mhlophe. Luphawu esetyenziswa kwishishini yokutya, ingakumbi kweli shishini confectionery kunye yokubhaka. Kunye libilisiwe isepha ukudala amabala.

Soda, ityuwa kunye abuhlungu - zonke ezi zihlanganisi metal kwealkali endalweni. Zikhona ngendlela esulungekileyo, ukwakha deposits okanye inxalenye iimveliso ukutshiswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha bafumane indlela elebhu. Kodwa ezi izinto ezibalulekileyo kunye zexabiso, njengoko zingqonge umntu nemilo ubomi bakhe.

iikhompawundi metal kwealkali ukusebenzisa zabo zingaphelelanga sodium. Kwakhona eqhelekileyo nezaziwayo kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, iityuwa ezifana:

• potassium chloride;
• Ipotaziyam nayitreyithi (potassium nitrate);
• potassium carbonate;
• Sulfate.

Bonke bephela izichumisi kwezimbiwa ezixabisekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo.

neemethali zomhlaba zealkalini - iikhompawundi nokusetyenziswa kwazo

Olu didi lubandakanya iziqalelo iqela lesibini iqela ezingundoqo imichiza. igcwala babo njalo karhulumente ka-phinde ngo 2. Le arhente ukunciphisa esebenzayo, lula idityaniswe isininzi kwezinto ezilula kunye nemixube. Ukubonisa zonke iipropati ezithile zesinyithi: isilungiseleli seglosi, malleability, thermal kunye Unikezelo lombane.

Leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye efanayo magnesium calcium. Beryllium ubonisa amphoteric, barium kunye Radium zizinto ezinqabileyo. Bonke bephela bakwazi ukwenza ezi ndidi zilandelayo obuchopho:

• intermetallic;
• oxides;
• hydrides;
• iityuwa lokubini (iikhompawundi kunye nonmetals);
• hydroxides;
• ityuwa (kabini, ezintsonkothileyo, asidi, esisiseko, medium).

Cinga zithako zibalulekileyo ukusuka kwindawo ezenziwayo kunye nesicelo sabo.

magnesium calcium iityuwa

Ezi zihlanganisi emhlabeni metal obrak, ezifana ityuwa; zibalulekile eziphilayo. Ngapha koko, le ityuwa calcium zingumthombo lwesi sakhi emzimbeni. Kwaye ngaphandle singabinakho kuba kumiswa okuqhelekileyo amathambo, amazinyo, iimpondo, isilwanyana, zazo, iinwele kunye ingubo, njalo-njalo.

Ngenxa yoko, ityuwa ixhaphakileyo, umhlaba metal obrak calcium carbonate. ezinye izihloko zakhe:

• ngetshokhwe;
• nezemarmore,
• lekalika;
• dolomite.

Isetyenziswa kuphela xa nomboneleli ion calcium kwi esiphilayo, kodwa izinto zokwakha, izinto kwishishini kwemichiza, kushishino zokuthambisa, iglasi njalo njalo.

iikhompawundi ezifana zesinyithi obrak umhlaba ezifana sulfates, zibalulekile nazo. Umzekelo, barium sulfate (igama yonyango "barite isidudu") esetyenziswa ngemitha. calcium sulfate ngohlobo crystalline - na gypsum, apho zifumaneka kwindalo. Oku kusetyenziswa amayeza, ukwakha, bexhentsa ngumngundo.

Phosphors zesinyithi obrak umhlaba

Ezi izinto zaziwa ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngaphambili, baye babizwa phosphors. Eli gama lifumaneka namhlanje. Ngokwemvelo zabo, ezi zihlanganisi - na wemagniziyam emanzini, kwiteksti, barium, calcium.

Xa unyango ethile, baye bakwazi ukubonisa iimpawu phosphorescent, aze ngokuhlwa abakhanyisele omhle kakhulu obomvu purple eliqaqambileyo. Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni imiqondiso yendlela, iyunifom kunye nezinye izinto.

iikhompawundi complex

Izinto ezibandakanya izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezahlukeneyo ebuntsimbi bendalo, - iikhompawundi metal ezintsonkothileyo. Kakhulu, bona elulwelo, kufuneka amabala ezintle kwaye inemibalabala. Used in ifildi yodibaniso ekufunyanisweni esemgangathweni ion.

izinto ezifana bekwazi zokubumba kuphela iintsimbi umhlaba kwealkali obrak kodwa bonke abanye. Kukho hydroxo, izakhiwo aqua kunye nabanye.